THE ADEQUACY OF SYNTHETIC RATIONS 


FOR THE GROWTH OF CHICKS 


by 
Nollie B. Guerrant, M. S. 


SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF 
THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE 
OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 


in the 


Uy; 
GVADWATE SCHOOL. 0/4: Gr) ). 
“Og. 


of the 


UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI 
1925 


CONTENTS 


Page 

Introduction: 2a ee oes ee 3 
ELISt Oli Ca ee eee TS EAg hia Vacs a WS Ae 2a o 
Expernmental 2705 2 no eae ee 2 
Experimental Chicks (ait. eee: cc eeee eee ee Ss 
Otlarters i. fob settee ei Ree nee ee ee 5 

Rationg (ek inks ase ee a 
Nomenclature. 3.27 kc dee ne ek, er 6 
Photographie: 2045.21. owc.2 20 ye gape ta eee es / 
Arrangemént 101) Dataiy woul a We eee ee ee i 
mynthetic: WRaLions Mice le Wee Sees ore age! cena s eee ee nay 
Additiongom Natural’ hoods tuiis 2.55 eee i Pua ee hs, 
Addition of Fractions of Natural Food Stuffs..........2......... gS 
Discussion and) Sinmary es oer eee eee eee eee 34 
Bibliography? 2222s Vie, Sand ee eine! eee ee fe ee 41 


A ppendix—=Description ol ations an ae ee 43 


The Adequacy of Synthetic 
Rations for the Growth of Chicks 


The attention of nutritional physiologists has been directed for 
many years to the identification of the nutrients that are required for 
the animal body. Considerable study has been devoted to the various 
quantitative adjustments, but the problem of qualitative demands is 
still one of major interest. 


HISTORICAL 


Several excellent summaries™ of the literature have been published 
by other workers in this field thus making extended comment unneces- 
sary. We shall therefore note especially studies conducted with baby 
chicks that were fed synthetic diets, and so strictly comparable to ours. 

The earlier attempts at studying the nutritional requirements of 
chickens were uniformly unsuccessful. Such studies meant that the 
birds must be reared in confinement, and the first investigators failed 
to accomplish this satisfactorily with any ration tried. Apparently 
Osborne and Mendel? were the first to attain any real degree of success 
in this type of investigation. Their chicks suffered from leg weakness 
but made gains in weight, one weighing 1278 and another 1267 grams 
at the end of 178 days. These authors attributed their success, in large 
measure, to the use of a considerable quantity of roughage. 

Hart, Halpin, and Steenbock? confirmed the statements of Osborne 
and Mendel that chicks require indigestible ballast in their rations. 
In their most successful feeding trial the ration consisted of casein 18, 
dextrin 37, butter fat 15, dried yeast 15, salts 5, and paper 10. All of 
the chicks were weighed and the weights varied from 480 to 710 grams 
at the end of 15 weeks. The rate of growth was subnormal, and the best 
specimens obtained had distinctly ruffled feathers at 9 to 13 weeks. 
Achicken photographed at 16 weeks was apparently normal in appearance. 

Sugiura and Benedict! have recently stated that the pigeon does not 
require vitamin A, and have drawn the general conclusion that this 
vitamin is dispensable in avian nutrition. Hoet also published data indi- 
cating that vitamin A is not required by the pigeon. As a result of his 
observations® over a longer feeding period however he reversed his po- 
sition, and stated that though the requirement for this vitamin is low, 
still vitamin A is not dispensable. 


*This refers to corresponding number in bibliography. 


64156 


Emmett and Peacock® established beyond question that chicks do 
require vitamin A. They obtained practically normal growth on a syn- 
thetic ration, and if any of the chicks were abnormal in any respects the 
fact was not noted. There is some doubt in our minds as to whether 
their ration would have been equally successful if begun with baby 
chicks. 

A considerable advance in avian nutrition was made when Hart, 
Halpin, and Steenbock’? announced that leg weakness can be pre- 
vented by the administration of cod liver oil, and that its symptoms are 
in some respects characteristic of rickets. 

Not long afterwards Hughes® in a popular article described obser- 
vations which led him to believe that leg weakness of chicks is in reality 
rickets, and that it is prevented by exposure to direct sunlight. The ob- 
servations of Hughes have been abundantly confirmed by Hart, Steen- 
bock, Lepkovsky, and Halpin.’ In their most recent paper, the Wiscon- 
sin Group” reopened the question of the chicks’ requirement for vitamin 
A, and again all evidence indicated that they cannot dispense with this 
vitamin. In some of their feeding trials synthetic diets were used, with 
a considerable degree of success. Even in the most favorable cases 
however growth was subnormal. The ration consisted of casein 18, salts 
5, agar 2, yeast 15, dextrin 60, plus the unsaponified residue of 5 parts of 
cod liver oil. ; 

It is clearly established we believe that vitamin C is not required 
by the chick." At present then it is generally agreed that in addition to 
a proper adjustment of the supply of protein, salts, and energy, chickens 
require three vitamins, A, B, and D (antirachitic), unless the birds are 
exposed to ultra violet rays. In this case the antirachitic vitamin is 
dispensable. 


EXPERIMENTAL 


The object of this investigation is to determine the adequacy of 
synthetic rations for the growth of chicks. This means that the chickens 
must be grown in confinement, and that rations of known compo- 
sition must be fed. It also involves special precautions to prevent the 
birds from receiving any food, insects and etc., other than that provided 
for experimental use. 


Experimental Chicks.—We have consistently used single-comb 
White Leghorns in our investigations. In our earlier experiments, 
chicks were obtained from the Poultry Department of the Univer- 
sity of Missouri. Later they were purchased from a local hatchery. The 
chicks were taken from the incubator on the day of hatching, weighed, 
and placed in the experiment immediately. 


Quarters.— After weighing, the chicks were transferred to brooders, 
located in a substantial stone building. The room is fairly well lighted 
by two east windows, but direct rays of the sun do not reach the chicks. 
The quarters are satisfactory, except in cold weather the temperature 
may be lower than desirable. The building is heated with steam and the 
brooders themselves are heated with electric hot plates. When the chicks 
are 6 to 8 weeks old, they are transferred to wire cages in the same room. 
These cages are two feet square, and give practically no opportunity for 
exercise. We believe our experience abundantly establishes the fact that 
gzood growth can be obtained in severely restricted quarters. 

In our earlier experiments, creek sand was used as a litter in both 
brooders and cages, but later this was replaced by pine shavings. The 
brooders and cages were cleaned once a week and supplied with new 
litter. 


Rations.—The exact compostition of the rations and some addi- 
tional description will be given in the appendix. Suffice it for the present 
to say that in some cases “‘synthetic’’ rations were used entirely, while 
in others some natural foodstuffs were incorporated in the synthetic 
rations. The synthetic rations were composed of relatively pure con- 
stituents, as protein, carbohydrates, fat, and mineral mixtures. Vitamin 
B was supplied in the form of dried yeast or a commercial concentrate. 

There is always a question as to the freedom of nutrients from un- 
desirable contamination, so we are including a brief description of the 
more questionable products, also of the salt mixtures. 


Casein:—A commercial product obtained from Lister Bros., New 
York City. In previous feeding trials with rats, this product was found 
to be practically free from both vitamin A and vitamin B. In some cases 
the casein was used as purchased, and in others which will be desig- 


6 Missouri Acr. Exp. STA. RESEARCH BULLETIN 81 


nated, it was used only after it had been extracted continuously for one 
week with dilute acetic acid by the well known procedure of McCollum. 

Corn Starch:—Buffalo Brand, purchased on the local market. 

Butter Fat:—Fresh butter was obtained from the University Dairy, 
melted and filtered. 

Cod Liver Oil:—Squibb preparation. 7 

Dried Yeast:—Obtained from the Harris Laboratories, Tuckahoe, 
New York. 

Vitamin B Concentrate:—Obtained from the Harris Laboratories, 
in both powder and tablet form. The tablets commonly used contained 
50 mgm. of the vitamin concentrate and 50 mg. of starch. 

Salt Mixture:—Mixtures of Chemically Pure salts in the following 
ratio: 


SaLtt Mrxture No. 14 


Cai lictatenj: (hh de. ra. einen ee ees eee eee 48.90% 
KSHPOL3HDO Gea. ue ae ee ee 29.30% 
Na Glisc ie’ oh as Ranma Bev ue tat) 2) E0775 
Na citrate, 2NasCgHs50O7, JF as C2 Mt teach iage eth aise ans AMIRI 
Fe citrate, Feo(CgHsO7)s, 6H2O Re AP WR at A be eae ee by fms nt 2.44G 
MiSOa7HeOdiis Sela a ee 3.32% 
Nalin” fog SUS nisl et terete ee cee 0.11% 


SaLtt Mixture No. 14A 
Our number for Osborne and Mendel’s* mixture. 


Satt Mixture No. 14B 
Osborne:and Mendel’stmixtires 2 226s oe ee 99.50% 
Soditine Silicate: te 30 ae eee ee oe 0.50% 


Salt mixture No. 14 was used in all rations not designated other- . 
wise. 

The rations were made up at weekly intervals in order to prevent a 
decrease in the vitamin potency of the cod liver oil. The chicks were 
supplied at all times with fresh water from the University well, and a 
frequent supply of grit was furnished as crushed limestone and oyster 
shells. 

The various lots of chicks are designated by the number of the 
ration which they received. For example, the lot receiving ration 167 is 
designated as Lot 167. 

Weights.—The chicks were weighed when transferred to the brood- 
er, and at weekly intervals thereafter. Our normal growth curve is 
taken from data published by Buckner, Wilkins, and Kastle. They 
have compiled two sets of weights, one of chicks grown in confinement 
(as were ours), and one of chicks running at large with a hen. The chicks 


*J. Biol. Chem. XXXIV, 309, 1918 


THE ADEQUACY OF SYNTHETIC RATIONS FOR GROWING CHICKS 7 


in confinement grew more slowly than the others, and we have used 
them as our “normal”, as we are not certain that the maximum rate of 
growth can be attained under such conditions. 

Photographs.—For the purpose of comparing the various lots, and 
the individual chicks at different stages of growth, representative speci- 
mens from each group were usually photographed at the age of 40 days 
and again at the end of 101 days. Other photographs were taken at 
such times as it was believed they would be helpful in interpreting data. 


ARRANGEMENT OF DATA 
For the purpose of discussion, we have grouped the various lots 
of chicks into three groups. The first group is composed of those lots 
receiving the synthetic rations, the second of those receiving some natur- 
al food stuffs incorporated in the synthetic ration, and the third of 
those receiving various fractions of those natural food stuffs incorpo- 
rated in the synthetic ration. 


SYNTHETIC RATIONS 

Our basal synthetic ration was composed of casein, salt mixture, 
cod liver oil, Crisco, starch, cellulose, and yeast, but during the course of 
the investigation, a number of changes were made in the proportions of 
its constituents. In order to compare agar with cellulose as a source of 
roughage, the cellulose was replaced by agar in the rations which were 
fed to three lots of chicks. To determine the adequacy of casein as a 
source of protein for growing chicks, a portion of the casein in one ration 
was replaced by an equal amount of meat protein. 

On July 11, 1924, three lots of seven chicks each were placed on “‘syn- 
thetic” rations. Two lots received identical rations, containing cellulose 
as a source of roughage. Their treatment differed in that one was ex- 
posed to direct sunlight for two hours daily on all clear days except 
Sundays. The purpose of this variation was to determine the adequacy 
of the fat-soluble vitamins in the rations. The third lot was placed on a 
similar ration in which agar was the source of roughage. 

In less than two weeks some of the chicks developed “leg weakness.” 
Plimmer and Rosedale" have previously shown that the chick has a very 
high requirement for vitamin B, and that a deficiency of this factor pro- 
duces leg weakness. The symptoms in a few of our cases indicated poly- 
neuritis, but inasmuch as the same ration had been previously used with 
no indication of neuritic symptoms, we were slow to believe this d:fh- 
culty was due to a deficiency of vitamin B. The symptoms were so sug- 
gestive, however, that we tried feeding additional yeast. Two chicks 
on the basal ration began in the second week to show symptoms of leg 
weakness, and on the thirteenth day they were badly affected. A small 
quantity of dried yeast (not weighed) was made into a thin paste and 


8 Missouri Acer. Exp. Sta. RESEARCH BULLETIN 81 


each affected chick was given | cc. of the yeast emulsion daily for three 
successive days. Both had then recovered. 

As soon as it was reasonably certain that the additional yeast had 
improved the condition of these chicks, all rations in use at this time 
were changed (July 26) by increasing the yeast from 6 to 8 per cent, and 
decreasing the carbohydrates correspondingly. | 


Fle LS 
Pt ET tT Tt te TE Pie tengo 
0 FP AS 


1200 


Baap aE) 
CL fl AA ef Ly 
eae VAAL th, 
we Aen PAA sas 
eae oe a 
a eo acm amt 
Fig. 1.—This group received ration 167 for the first seventeen days, but was then changed to 
Ration 241. Ration 167 was composed of casein 20, starch 52, yeast 6, Crisco 10, cod liver oil 5, salts 4, 
and cellulose 3. Ration 241 was similar in composition, but contained 8 per cent of yeast and 50 per 


cent starch. The form of the curve does not indicate that increasing the yeast had any effect on the rate 
of growth. 


\S 


One chick from the lot described in Fig. 1, died on Aug. 18 without 
showing special symptoms, but when found dead it was outstretched in 
a manner suggesting polyneuritis. A second specimen died Sept. 6. It 
had been very thrifty previously, and on autopsy it was found to have 
a perforated crop, and sand had escaped into the abdominal cavity. 

As shown in Fig. 2, there was no value in exposing chicks receiv- 
ing this ration to direct sunlight. The history of this group was very 
similar to that of the lot receiving the basal ration alone, and three of 
the group ultimately died. 

The third lot which was started at this time received the agar ration. 
The results obtained from this lot were very unsatisfactory, six of the 
birds having died, apparently from leg weakness, before the tenth week. 
On Sept. 20, the seventh chick became very weak. Since the symptoms 
seemed to suggest a deficiency of vitamin B, it was given an additional 


Tue ADEQUACY OF SYNTHETIC RATIONS FOR GROWING CHICKS 9 


quantity of yeast. There was a definite response to this addition, as 
may be observed in Fig. 3. 


AE ee ee 

Cee Ie Bea Sl a 

Fe AE Pees Sh ces 
Fea ae 


a 


Fig. 2.—This group received the same ration as the one indicated in Fig. 1. When the 
weather permitted however the chicks were exposed to direct sunlight for two hours daily. The 
results indicate that the well-being of these chicks could not be improved by sunshine. 


pL Tt dt isn ne 
1A Sa eA UPTO 
TAL A ee 
DEE ee 
NAL Sia EN eT 


Fig. 3.—This group received the same ration as the one indicated in Fig. 1, except the cel- 
lulose was replaced by agar. Growth was very unsatisfactory and only one chick was alive 
when the feeding trial terminated. Chick 1943 appeared very nervous and unable to stand on 
Sept. 20. The yeast in the ration was increased to 10 per cent and there appeared to be a defi- 
nite response to this addition as the chick regained its activity, and made marked gains in 
weight during the two weeks that followed. 


10 Missourt Aar. Exp. Sta. RESEARCH BULLETIN 81 


Several cases of leg weakness had developed, due to a lack of vita- 
min B, so it seemed possible that this vitamin deficiency may have been 
the cause of the poor growth rate observed. In order to test that point 
another lot of 10 chicks, Sept. 15, 1924, was started on basal ration No. 
241. Five chicks of this lot received however additional vitamin B in 
the form of the commercial concentrate. It will be recalled that Ration 
241 contained 8 per cent of dried yeast, but other chicks under obser- 
vation at this time, also receiving rations containing 8 per cent yeast, 
developed leg weakness. For that reason the ration for all ten of the 
chicks was changed by increasing the yeast to 10 per cent. The five 
mentioned however received additional vitamin B concentrate, but in- 
spection of Fig. 4 indicates that the addition did not improve the ration 
in any way. The rate of growth was subnormal :n all cases, and the chicks 
were very similar in appearance to those previously receiving this ration. 
Chick 3769 died on Dec. 5, and post mortem examination revealed the 
liver to be greatly enlarged and covered with numerous white spots. 


Se es eat ek aa 
P| fe | ls etechdaged 
sina 


PP ae 
RS ol 


a 
; Ris 
's | eS | O 


ho 


1S ©. 


SSE BE 


NN 
AN 


a 
fd 
mi 
vi 
am 
AS 
Zi 
“iy 
os 
A 


KK 
fe 


Fig. 4.—All chicks were started on the basal diet, No. 241, but Nos. 3787, 3785, 3789, 3776, and 3781, 
were each supplied in addition 40 mgm. of the Harris-Vitamin powder daily, in the form of the tablet 
preparation. This addition did not however have any perceptible effect. The yeast component was 
increased on the sixteenth day from 8 to 10 per cent of the ration, but we do not believe the change 
affected the rate of growth. At the termination of the feeding trial proper three of the chicks, Nos. 
3787, 3789, and 3785 were changed to Ration 259, in which polished rice was substituted for the corn 
starch of the basal diet. It is evident that the retarded growth earlier in life was due to a defective diet. 


In order to determine the permanency of the retarded growth among 


this lot, three chicks, 3785, 3787, and 3789 were placed on Ration 259 


THE ADEQUACY OF SYNTHETIC RATIONS FOR GROWING CuiIcks 11 


on Dec. 10. This ration contained polished rice, and was proving very 
satisfactory in another trial under way at this time. This change was 
followed by a marked increase in the rate of growth of these chicks 
during the few weeks in which the feeding trial was continued. 

The feeding trial we have just described was initiated in order to 
determine whether or not our basal ration was deficient in vitamin B. 
At the same time another possibility was suggested, the amino acid con- 
tent of the casein may have been partially inadequate. For that reason 
another group was placed on a ration very similar to the basal diet, 
except 5 per cent of the casein had been replaced by meat protein. 


Pelkey 


Cake oes 
5 dae 
4 os Se ean 


Riad | 


yt 


i 
ae 
[iy 
Ba 
i 
be 
Be 
he 
u@* 


4 


Fig. 5.—This group received Ration 247, which was composed of casein 15, meat protein 5, starch 
50, cod liver oil 5, Crisco 10, yeast 8, salts 4, and cellulose 3. On the sixteenth day the yeast was in- 
creased to 10 per cent. In some cases the rate of growth seemed improved by substituting 5 per cent 
meat protein for an equal quantity of casein. We are not certain however that the difference is sig- 
nificant. Nos. 1998 and 2000 had definite attacks of leg weakness. Three chicks, Nos. 1999, 1992, 
and 1997 were kept under observation somewhat longer than the others, and the ration changed by 
substituting meat protein for all of the casein. Apparently the amino acid mixture of the ration was 
not improved by the change. 


The meat protein used in this investigation was obtained from 
pork muscle. The lean pork was ground in a meat chopper, and dried in 
a current of air. When dry it was thoroughly extracted with each of the 
following solvents, ether, 95 per cent alcohol, 70 per cent alcohol, and 
hot water. It was then dried, reground and incorporated in the ration 
as desired. 

A few cases of leg weakness appeared among the lot receiving this 
ration, and the yeast was increased from 8 to 10 per cent. This increase 
was not sufficient however to entirely relieve the symptoms of leg weak- 


12 Missouri Acar, Exp. STA. RESEARCH BULLETIN 81 


ness, and growth was considerably below normal. We are convinced 
that the unsatisfactory growth obtained with our basal ration was not 
due to inadequacy of the protein. 


Fig. 6.—This group received ration 226, which was composed of washed casein 20, yeast 10, 
Crisco 10, starch 53, cellulose 3, and the unsaponifiable residue from 5 parts of cod liver oil. The yeast 
was increased to 15 per cent on the twenty-fourth day due to the appearance of leg weakness among the 
lot. The change appeared to have no beneficial effect, as nine of the chicks had died before the end of 
the seventh week. 


On Novy. 10 a lot of ten chicks was placed upon a modified form of 
our synthetic ration, because of the success of Hart and collaborators 
with one of similar composition. In this diet the fat-soluble vitamins 
were supplied as the unsaponifiable residue of cod liver oil, equivalent 
to 5 per cent of the original product. Due to the appearance of leg weak- 
ness, the amount of yeast was increased to'15 per cent on Dec. 4, but 
despite the change, growth proved very unsatisfactory. In fact only one 
chick was alive at the end of the seventh week, when it weighed 115 
grams. Post mortem examination of eight of the nine chicks which died, 
revealed the following: Crop filled with cellulose, heart covered with a 
whitish film, kidneys with spots on the surface, urethas distended, and 
the intestines blood-shot. 

A second lot of ten chicks (Fig. 7) was started Nov. 10, on a ration 
similar to the one just described, but with agar substituted for cellulose 
as a source of roughage. The fat-soluble vitamins were in this case also, 
supplied as the unsaponifiable residue of cod liver oil, and the yeast 
was increased to 15 per cent on Dec. 4. The history of the two lots 


Tue ADEQUACY OF SYNTHETIC RATIONS FOR GROWING CuIcks 13 


receiving the unsaponifiable residue was practically identical, and in 
each case there was only one chick alive at the end of the seventh week. 
The post mortem findings were the same in both lots, and as yet we have 
no adequate explanation for the results noted. 


Reh | 
| ake 


. 
we 
>: 


fa 
Fig. 7.—This group received the same rations as the group in Fig. 6, except the cellulose had been 


replaced by agar. The substitution apparently had no beneficial effect as only one chick was alive at 
the end of the seventh week. 


Since our second group of chicks, receiving roughage in the form of 
agar, had met with complete failure, we decided to repeat the feeding 
trial withaslightly different ration. A lot of ten chicks (Fig. 8) was placed 
on such aration (292),on Feb. 24, 1925. The vitamin B was supplied daily 
in the form of Harris tablets, and each chick received one daily until 
the eighteenth day when the number was increased to three, due to the 
appearance of leg weakness among the lot. On March 16, the supply of 
tablets was temporarily exhausted, and we incorporated 15 per cent of 
dried yeast in the diet as the source of vitamin B. The chicks continued 
on this diet until March 24, when they were transferred to ration 309. 
This was similar to ration 292, except 6 per cent of starch had been re- 
placed by an equal amount of yeast, and salt mixture No. 14 B had been 
substituted for No. 14 A. In addition, each chick received two vitamin 
tablets daily until the feeding trial terminated. Though growth among 
this lot was unsatisfactory, it was our most successful feeding trial with 
an agar ration. Seven chicks were alive at the end of the eighth week 


14 Missouri Aacr. Exp. Sta. RESEARCH BULLETIN 81 


Sue 
Soci 


LP Sige pet tes 
EH gh ape at 9 i ahs, 
Gaerurs_aae F <r 
es Oey fede He see et eee 


Fig. 8.—This group received Ration 292, which was composed of washed casein 20, Crisco 10, 
cod liver oil 5, salts 4, agar 3, starch 58, and vitamin tablets. Due to the appearance of leg weakness 
among the lot, 6 per cent of the starch was replaced by yeast on the twenty-fourth day. Though growth 
was subnormal and feathering was poor, seven of the chicks were alive at the end of the eighth week. 
The results indicate that agar may be used as a source of roughage when the ration contains an ade- 
quate supply of vitamin B. 


i 
ca 
Fe 


= i 
bee Bete 
= 


60¢ 


ght ing 
X 


i 2S 
eS 
Ea: SDP 
OH pet ett 
plots a seeee Sema td Jo 

emg et ie ee 


Fig. 9—This group received Ration 293, which was similar to Ration 292, except the agar was re- 
placed by cellulose. Six per cent of the starch was replaced by dried yeast on the twenty-fourth day. 
Though growth was subnormal and symptoms of leg weakness were frequently observed, eight chicks 
were alive at the end of the eighth week. 


Tue ADEQUACY OF SYNTHETIC RATIONS FOR GROWING Cuicxks 15 


when the feeding trial terminated, three having died from leg weakness. 
The history of this lot was almost identical with that of a lot receiving 
the basal ration of this series (Fig. 9). 


ADDITION OF NATURAL FOOD STUFFS 


At the time we were conducting feeding experiments with synthetic 

rations, we also turned our attention to the effect of incorporating cer- 

tain natural food stuffs in our synthetic diets. The natural food stuffs 
used for this purpose were egg yolk, polished rice, and ox liver. 


The egg yolk was prepared by coagulating the yolks with alcohol, 
drying over a hot air bath, and grinding in a meat chopper. 


The polished rice was obtained on the local market, and ground to 
a powder before incorporating it into the ration. 


The ox liver was purchased on the local market, ground in a meat 
chopper, dried in a current of warm air, and reground before being added 
to the ration. 


On July 12, 1924, two lots of seven chicks each were placed ona ration 
containing the natural food stuffs. One lot received a ration similar to 
our basal synthetic ration in use at this time, but differing only in that 
part of the casein and Crisco had been replaced by 10 per cent of dried 
egg yolk. The other lot received a ration in which the starch and part 
of the casein of our synthetic ration had been replaced by polished rice. 
‘The composition of the rations was practically the same, as judged by 
the routine analysis. 


On July 28, after leg weakness had appeared in some of the other 
lots, the veast was increased from 6 to 8 per cent in these two rations. 
From the standpoint of health and vigor, the lot receiving the egg yolk 
(Fig. 10) was entirely satisfactory. The rate of growth was approximately 
normal, and no chicks howed signs of leg weakness during the eleven weeks 
they were under observation. All, however, exhibited the peculiar ruffled 
condition of the feathers that seems so characteristic of chicks reared on 
synthetic diets. 


The history of the lot on the rice ration (Fig. 11) was fairly satis- 
factory but not completely so. On July 31, one individual developed leg 
weakness though it was then receiving a ration containing 8 per cent of 
dried yeast. This chick was not a White Leghorn, but one of a dark 


16 Missourt Acar. Exp. Sta. RESEARCH BULLETIN 81 


ey aie 

Sey wi) 69 

saris EC'S Ae 
Vit 


Awe, ae Car 


Fig. 10.—This group received Ration 195, which was composed of casein 16.8, starch 52, Crisco 
3.2, yeast 6, cellulose 3, salts 4, cod liver oil 5, and dried egg yolk 10. The egg yolk was dried and in- 
corporated in the ration, and the substitution resulted in a marked acceleration of the rate of growth. 
Fig. 1 should be consulted for a comparison. The ration was changed to No. 244 at the point indicated, 
in order to increase the supply of yeast. 


ena 
Ab 4br mene a 
aG000/ 4; ooo 
Se? Ph) FP 


Fig. 11.—This group received Ration 237, which was composed of casein 16, polished rice 56, 
Crisco 10, yeast 6, cod liver oil 5, salts 4, and cellulose 3. This illustrates the favorable effect on growth 
of substituting polished rice for corn starch. These chicks were also feathered normally. Chick 1936 
developed “‘leg weakness”’ on the twentieth day, but survived until the feeding trial closed. The in 
crease of yeast on the seventeenth day did not seem to affect the rate of growth. Chicks Nos. 1939 
and 1940 developed roup about two weeks before the end of the feeding trial. The yeast component 
was increased to 8 per cent at the point indicated. 


THE ADEQUACY OF SYNTHETIC RATIONS FOR GRowING CHIcKs 17 


breed which had been hatched in the same incubator, due to a mistake 
in the selection of the eggs. The ration was not changed and the bird 
did not entirely recover, though it survived the eleventh week, when the 
feeding period ended. Two pullets developed roup, and were treated 
with antiseptics in an effort to effect recovery. The treatment was 
ineffective, but the birds lived until Sept. 27, when the feeding trial 
terminated. With one exception, the rate of growth was normal, and in 
all cases the feathers were in good condition. The pigmentation of the 
skin was light, undoubtedly due as Palmer and Kempster“ have shown 
to the lack of pigment in the diet. 


saes0s5 


ae: Ese mist 

eT FO Nt pele | | 
EW eT Ling 
FE |G war, dt; 


ee Hide : Wa 
ae et ee 


Fig. 12.—This group received Ration 244, which was composed of casein 16.8, corn starch 50 
Crisco 3.2, cod liver oil 5, dried yeast 8, cellulose 3, salts 4, and dried egg yolk 10. On the sixteenth day 
the yeast was increased to 10 per cent. This chart again illustrates the generally favorable effect of 
incorporating dried egg yolk in the ration. The egg yolk itself undoubtedly increased the supply of 
vitamin B but one chick, No. 1959, had a persistent case of leg weakness. The symptoms were first 
noted on Nov. 4 at the age of 50 days, and one feeding of 40 mgm. of the Vitamin-Harris concentrate, 
effected a temporary recovery. Eight days later the chick had a relapse, and was fed yeast emulsion. 
continuously from Nov. 13 to Dec. 8. During this time the chick was alert and seemingly in good 
health, except for the deformity of the legs. 


On Sept. 15, another lot of ten chicks was placed on a ration con- 
taining egg yolk. This ration was identical with that used in the pre- 
ceding series just described, but the diet was changed on Oct. 1, due to 
the appearance of leg weakness in some of the other lots. This change 


18 Missouri Acar. Exp. Sta. RESEARCH BULLETIN 81 


consisted in increasing the yeast from 8 to 10 per cent, and decreasing 
the starch a corresponding amount. This group grew at about the same 
rate as the previous lot, and there were no mortalities. A case of leg weak- 
ness developed on Nov. 4, but a single feeding of additional vitamin con- 
centrate was sufficient to effect a temporary recovery and no more was 
given at that time. On Nov. 21, the chick was again in bad condition, 
and the feeding of yeast emulsion was begun. General recovery was 
immediate, and this specimen gained rather rapidly in weight, but never 
regained control of its legs. 


B 


A 


Z| 


BS 
aie 


Sg 
> 


= 
fal 
Ht 
ST 
te 
Sens 


Ne 
Bae 
po ees ee 


G | 


, 


RS 
all 


a 
a 


<a 
Nias 


— 
Bad 
api. 
if if 
J 
VA 
fe 


Ay 


‘“ 
%, 


NS 
eS 
NASR 
es 


NN. 
i 

AS 
EN 
ER 


A 


VA 
esa | 
PARA 
ee 
iF 


Ea 
x 
fa a ak 


@ 
QO 
e 


Fig. 13.—This group received Ration 230, which was composed of dried liver 15, meat protein 6, 
yeast 10, salts 4, cellulose 3, cod liver oil 5, Crisco 10, and starch 47. This proved to be one of our 
most successful diets. Growth and feathering were normal. Chick 2050 died on Dec. 5 from an unknown 
cause. 


On Nov. 10a lot of ten chicks was placed on a ration (Fig. 13) con- 
taining dried liver. Itis to be noted that this ration contained 15 per cent of 
dried ox liver and 6 per cent of meat protein as a source of protein. 
This proved to be one of our most successful rations. Growth was ex- 
cellent, and the feathering was normal. One chick, No. 2050, died on 
Dec. 5. It had shown no previous symptoms of being sick, and post 
mortem examination revealed no visible cause of death. Chick No. 2047 
was killed on Jan. 30 for examination, but the remainder of the lot thrived 
until the feeding trial was terminated on Feb. 2. 


THE ADEQUACY OF SYNTHETIC RaTIOoNS FoR GrowiNnG Cuicxs 19 


ADDITION OF THE FRACTIONS OF NATURAL FOODSTUFFS 


Since the addition of natural foodstuffs to our synthetic rations had 
proven so beneficial, we became interested in fractionating these natural 
foodstuffs and incorporating the various fractions in our rations. It 
seemed evident that our basal diet was deficient in some substance 
carried by the natural foodstuffs, and so we hoped to separate the active 
portion, and thus make possible its identification. The natural foodstuffs 
fractionated were polished rice, dried egg yolk, and dried liver. The 
separation was accomplished by extracting the dry material with various 
solvents. 

The polished rice was first ground very finely, and then extracted 
for a period of one week with dilute acetic acid. The total extract was 
evaporated to a small volume on a water bath, and then to dryness in a 
desiccator. The residue thus obtained constituted less than one per cent 
of the original material. The two fractions were then preserved until 
incorporated in the ration. 

Both the dried egg yolk and dried liver were consecutively extracted 
with ether, 95 per cent alcohol, 70 per cent alcohol, and hot water, as 
long as a trace of material was being removed by the solvent. The 
water extracts were discarded. The ether extract was reduced to a small 


NGeSe7 BAGEES 
Rea (42 eee 
HARE 2) cranes 


Pe ae 
zr : f ee fe 7 ao es 


Fig. 14.—This group received Ration 196, which was composed of casein 16.8, starch 52, Crisco 
10, yeast 6, salts 4, cod liver oil 5, cellulose 3, and yolk protein 3.2. On the fourteenth day the yeast 
was increased to 8 per cent, after leg weakness had appeared among the lot. Only five of the chicks 
were alive at the end of the eleventh week, and the rate of growth was uneven though considerably 
better than shown by those receiving the basal ration (Fig. 1). The yeast component was increased 
at the point indicated. 


20 Missouri Aar. Exp. Sta. RESEARCH BULLETIN 81 


volume and preserved. The two alcohol extracts were combined and 
reduced to a small volume. Of the eight fractions thus obtained, two 
from polished rice, two from egg yolk (the alcohol extracts were not 
used) and three from dried liver, were incorporated in our synthetic 
rations, at the same time making necessary adjustments to keep the 
protein and fat of the diets constant. 

Our first feeding trial with a ration of this type was begun on July 
12, 1924, when a group of seven chicks was placed on a synthetic ration 
(Fig. 14) in which part of the casein was replaced by yolk protein. The 
amount of yolk protein was equivalent to that obtained from 10 per cent 
by weight of dried egg yolk. The yeast was increased from 6 to 8 per cent 
on July 28, due to the appearance of leg weakness in some of the other 
lots. Chick 1928 died on July 28 from an unknown cause. Chick 1922 
showed first symptoms of leg weakness on Aug. 6. A severe case of leg 
weakness followed and continued until the chick’s death on Sept. 11. 
The five remaining birds showed no signs of leg weakness during the 
eleven weeks they were on experiment, but growth was unsatis- 
factory in some cases and the chicks developed the typical ruffled 
feathers. 


Died. 
TESS TESTES SES) 8 A Te VRE rebecca 
ee ee 


[200 


100 


Fig. 15.—This group received Ration 197, composed of casein 20, starch 52, Crisco 3.2, yeast 6, 
salts 4, cellulose 3, cod liver oil 5, and yolk lipins 6.8. Leg weakness appeared among the lot on the 
fourteenth day and the amount of yeast was increased from 6 to 8 percent. Chick 1929 died on July 
25, and Chick 1930 died on Sept 7, both deaths being due to leg weakness. Growth was subnormal 
and the feathering poor. The addition of yolk lipins did not seem to improve the diet. 


On the same day a similar lot (Fig. 15) was started on a ration con- 
taining the yolk lipins obtained from 10 per cent by weight of dried egg 
yolk. For the reasons already given the yeast was increased from 6 to 


Tue ADEQUACY OF SYNTHETIC RATIONS FOR GROWING CuiIcxs 21 


8 per cent on July 28, but Chick 1919 had died of leg weakness on July 
25. On the same day Chick 1930 showed symptoms of the disease, and 
was given | cc. of yeast emulsion daily for three consecutive days. At 
the end of this time it appeared very much relieved. The symptoms 
reappeared on Aug. 5, and an advanced case of leg weakness soon devel- 
oped. We were unable to afford any relief and the chick died on Sept. 
7. The remaining chicks of this lot showed no symptoms of leg weak- 
ness during the period of the feeding trial, but the rate of growth was 
very unsatisfactory. 

It will! be recalled that when the egg yolk was incorporated in the 
ration, approximately norma! growth resulted. When an equivalent 
amount of the yolk lipins was substituted for Crisco, however, the ration 
was not improved in the slightest degree. The substitution of yolk pro- 
tein for casein gave markedly better results than the basal diet, but 
growth was still unsatisfactory. No explanation suggested itself, so the 
trials were repeated but the yolk protein was probably subjected to a 
more thorough extraction in the second trial. We believe that this more 
complete extraction explains the fact that in subsequent trials, the yolk 
protein alone, as well as the lipins alone, failed, when incorporated in 
the ration, to improve it. 


Pog ss a Ran on on d 
ate ) Tee on then ye 
d %O 
= 7 Ne 


{200 


a ie 
tty LG, Farhi 
HE Ie ame =F tole sara 


Fig. 16.—The ration, No. 245, fed this group 1s very similar to that described in the legend to 
Fig. 14. Yolk protein, 3.2 per cent, was substituted in the basal diet for an equal quantity of casein. 
Some cases of leg weakness developed and the yeast was increased to 10 per cent on the fifteenth day. 
Chick 1957 died of leg weakness on Nov. 8. Chick 1966 developed a severe case of the disease on Nov. 
13, and died Dec. 8. Comparison with Fig. 14 shows that growth was much less satisfactory than in 
the earlier trial. 

As mentioned in the text, the ration of three of the birds was changed near the end of the trial, 
by substituting liver lipins for part of the Crisco. The substitution did not improve the ration. 


22 Missouri Acr. Exp. Sta. RESEARCH BULLETIN 81 


Two groups of ten chicks each were used in the second trial, begun 
Sept. 15. One group (Fig. 16) received the yolk protein, the other (Fig. 17) 
the lipins, incorporated in the ration. These rations contained 8 per cent of 
dried yeast as the source of vitamin B, but on Oct. 1, after a number of 
cases of leg weakness had appeared among the lots, the yeast was in-_ 
creased to 10 per cent. 

Three chicks, Nos. 1964, 1966, 1967 from the group receiving the 
yolk protein developed leg weakness and were given 40 mgm. vitamin B 
concentrate daily for more than 30 days. At the end of this time No. 
1964 was apparently well, but Nos. 1966 and 1967 seemed but slightly 
improved. Neither of the two recovered from the disease. No. 1967 
died on Nov. 8, and 1966 died one month later. As a whole, growth of 
this lot was unsatisfactory, much more so than in the previous trial. 


CS b =I Led 
i tis [iw seb ged. 


12.0¢ 


Se REBRiRE 


‘ 


MASS SE 
se ee Sel 


Nees 
EE 
SOON ese 
Ae AL NO] | 


iS 
io 
xe 
aS 


x 
IN 


SESS 2ae 


SSS 
CS 
ANSS 
rai 


AS 
vel 
COPS Rem Ss 


aSSCSo 


VES eee 
aw 


Fe nk | s ios : aan oe LG 
9 AT ere foe EEE aon 


Fig. 17.—This group received Ration 246, which was composed of casein 20, starch 50, Crisco 
3.2, yeast 8, salts 4, cod liver oil 5, cellulose 3, and yolk lipins 6.8. On the sixteenth day the yeast was 
increased to 8 per cent, after leg weakness had appeared in some of the lots. Chick-No. 1974 died on 
Nov. 9, and Chick 1980 died on Nov. 14, both deaths being due to this disease. Growth was subnormal 
and the feathers were in poor condition. Chick No. 1978 developed a case of leg weakness on Nov. 
10 and was given yeast emulsion daily until Dec. 8 when the feeding trial terminated. It never regained 
use of its legs, but 1t continued to grow until the last. Toward the end of the period, three of the chicks 
were transferred to Ration 256. This was very similar to Ration 246 but 3.2 per cent of liver protein 
had been substituted for an equal quantity of casein. We were not certain that this change improved 
the ration. 


In order to study the nutritional properties of the liver lipins, three 
chicks of the above group, Nos. 1968, 1969, and 1970 were separated 
from the rest of the group, and placed on a ration similar in composition 
but with 6.8 per cent of Crisco replaced by liver lipins. As far as growth 


THE ADEQUACY OF SYNTHETIC RATIONS FOR GROWING CuHIcKs 23 


was concerned the change was not beneficial, and we concluded that for 
our purpose liver lipins are inferior to egg yolk lipins. 

Leg weakness first appeared among the lot receiving yolk lipins, 
on Oct. 2. The affected chicks were treated with vitamin concentrate, 
vet there remained symptoms of the disease among the group throughout 
the feeding trial. Chick 1974 died Nov. 9 and Chick 1980 died Nov. 
14. The growth of the remaining chicks was very slow and was similar 
to that of the previous lot receiving the yolk lipins. 

In order to gain some hint as to the nutritional properties of liver 
protein, Nos. 1975, 1977, and 1979 were separated from the rest of the 
group on Dec. 10 and placed on a similar ration, No. 256, in which part 
of the casein had been replaced by 3.2 per cent liver protein. During 
the three weeks which followed, the rate of growth of these three chicks 
appeared to have been slightly accelerated by the change. 


For the purpose of studying the effect of our process of extraction 
upon the nutritive properties of dried egg yolk, a third group of ten 
chicks was placed, Sept. 15, on a ration containing both fractions, but 
in the same ratio as received by the preceding lots. In order to insure a 
more liberal supply of vitamin B, the yeast was increased to 10 per cent 


Fig. 18.—This group received Ration 243, Casein 16.8, yolk protein 3.2, starch 50, yeast 8, Crisco 
3.2, cod liver oil 5, yolk lipins 6.8, cellulose 3, salt mixture 4. This diet contained both of the egg yolk 
fractions used. All of the chicks were alive at the end of the twelfth week, and the rate of growth was 
normal. The feathering was imperfect and the history of the group was very similar to the group re- 
ceiving the whole egg yolk. It appears that the growth promoting factor was not affected materially 
by fractionating the egg yolk. At the point indicated Chicks 1983, 1985, and 1988 were transferred to 
the basal diet, No. 223. The result was a prompt loss of weight. 


24 Missouri Aare. Exp. Sta. RESEARCH BULLETIN 81 


on Oct. 1, and there were no cases of leg weakness among this lot during 
the twelve weeks the chicks were under observation. The rate of growth 
was normal and the feathers were in fair condition. We concluded 
therefore that the unsatisfactory performance of the chicks receiving 
either of the single yolk fractions, was not due to destruction of any 
nutritional factor by the process of extraction. On December 1, chicks 
Nos. 1983, 1985, and 1988 were separated and placed on the basal 
ration then in use, No. 223. As far as the growth and well-being of the 
chicks were concerned, the outcome was very unsatisfactory. During 
the four weeks which followed all three birds lost weight and chick 1988 
showed symptoms of leg weakness when the feeding trial was dis- 
continued. The interpretation of this result must await further data. 
BUSGRIRES er oceae 


reat Ure eee PEE 
an reeeb eet Bei Tiler 


Am se 
ee i AY 
SCA ea Ly 

SEES AP? a7 Oe Flak 2 
GL pes 
A eA A a 
CEPI EE cp 


Fig. 19.—This group received Ration 248, which was identical with Ration 237 (Fig. 11) 
except the rice had been extracted for one week with dilute acetic acid. All of the chicks were alive at 
the end of the twelfth week when the feeding trial terminated. Although the appearance of the chicks 
was satisfactory, the rate of growth was subnormal. It appears that the active factor had been partially 
removed from the rice by the extraction. See Fig. 11 for a comparison with chicks receiving unextracted 
rice. 


o, 


Na 
AS 


After our former ration containing polished rice had proven so satis- 
factory, we became interested in the nutritional properties of fractions 
we might obtain from it. The method of preparing these extracts is 
given on page 19. The residue of extracted rice was incorporated in 
Ration 248, and on Sept. 15 ten chicks (Fig. 19) were placed on this diet. 
Leg weakness appeared among them Oct. 1, making it necessary to 
increase the yeast from 8 to 10 per cent. On Oct. 7, all cases of leg weak- 
ness had recovered, and there were no recurrences during the twelve 


THE ADEQUACY OF SYNTHETIC RATIONS FoR GROWING CuiIcKs 25 


weeks of the feeding trial. The rate of growth of this lot was below nor- 
mal, and the general appearance of the chicks was unsatisfactory. On 
December 10, three chicks from this lot, Nos. 3719, 3737, and 3734 
were separated and placed on another diet. This contained one per cent 
of the extracted material in addition to the rice residue, and during the 
three weeks following there was a marked acceleration in the rate of 
growth of these chicks. The rice extract undoubtedly contains a neces- 
sary nutrient, but we have no idea as to the nature of the active material. 


It will be recalled that when either of the egg yolk fractions alone 
was substituted for similar constituents of the basal diet, the result was 
not satisfactory. When however the two fractions were combined in the 
same ration, normal growth resulted. No satisfactory explanation occur- 
red to us, so the study was continued by combining the yolk fractions 
with other constituents. The combinations used were meat protein with 
yolk lipins, and yolk protein with milk fat. As a control, meat protein 
and milk lipins were also combined. 


In accordance with the plan outlined therefore, a ration containing 
3.2 per cent of meat protein and 6.8 per cent of yolk lipins (Fig. 20) was 


los de be OO Ne Ca ees ee 
ERS eaRED eee Ss 
ll a a As 


ee 
BO ep Eepee ence 


bee 
WN 


he 


= 
= 
Ny 
pie 


Fig. 20.—This group received Ration 227, which was composed of washed casein 16.8, meat protein 
3.2, starch 48, Crisco 3.2, yolk lipins 6.8, yeast 10, salts 4, cellulose 3, and cod liver oil 5. On the twenty- 
fourth day the yeast was increased to 15 per cent, after a number of the chicks had shown symptoms of 
leg weakness. Chick 2015 appeared to be in a critical condition from leg weakness on Nov. 26. It was 
photographed, given a vitamin concentrate and photographed the following day, when it appeared 
vastly improved. The rate of growth of this group was subnormal and the general appearance of the 
chicks was poor. We interpret our observations as indicating that some factor other than protein 
inheres in the egg yolk residue. At any rate, muscle protein cannot be substituted successfully for yolk 
protein. 


26 Missouri Acr. Exp. Sta. RESEARCH BULLETIN 81 


fed to ten chicks, beginning on Nov. 10. This may be regarded as a 
substitution of meat protein for yolk protein. Although this ration con- 
tained 10 per cent of dried yeast, leg weakness made its appearance on 
Nov. 26, and Chick 2019 died on Nov. 29 from this disease. Three other 
chicks in this lot were stricken with leg weakness but were cured by 
treatment with yeast emulsion. Photographs of Chick 2015, Figs. 35 
and 36 will show a typical case before and after acure. This feeding trial 
continued for seven weeks and growth was very unsatisfactory. 

In order to estimate the nutritional value of milk fat, a ration con- 
taining 3.2 per cent yolk protein and 6.8 per cent milk fat was fed to 
ten chicks (Fig. 21) beginning Nov. 10. In this case we substituted the 


Died 
PP ey Petia 
[8] SETA ne al 
Z| 


1200 


/000 


Fig. 21,—This group received Ration 228, which was composed of washed casein 16.8, yolk pro- 
tein 3.2, starch 48, yeast 10, salts 4, butter fat 6.8, cod liver oil 5, and cellulose 3. Chick No. 2023 
died on Nov. 15 and No. 2028 died on Nov. 17, both deaths resulting from an unknown cause. The yeast 
was increased to 15 per cent on the twenty-fourth day, but the growth and general appearance of the 
lot was very unsatisfactory. We were not successful in attempts to substitute milk fat for the yolk 
fats, and are at a loss to explain the nutritional value of the yolk lipins. 


lipins of milk for the lipins of egg yolk. Chick No. 2023 died on Nov. 
15 and Chick No. 2028 died on Nov. 17, neither showing any evident 
cause of death. However leg weakness appeared among the lot on Nov. 
25 and it was necessary to increase the yeast to 15 per cent in order to 
insure an adequate supply of vitamin B. Chick 2025 never recovered 
from the attack of leg weakness, and died on Dec. 23. The remaining 
chicks continued to grow slowly until Dec. 29 when the feeding trial 
ended. The rate of growth was subnormal, and the chicks were poorly 


Tue ApEQgUACY OF SYNTHETIC RATIONS FOR GROWING CHICKS 27 


feathered. The rate of growth and general appearance of this lot were less 
satisfactory than of the lot receiving the yolk lipins. This seems to indi- 
cate that the yolk lipins contain more of the growth promoting factor 
than the milk lipins. 

Another group of this series was placed on a ration containing 3.2 
per cent meat protein and 6.8 per cent butter fat. Leg weakness appeared 
among this lot on Nov. 25 and Chick 2040 died the same day. No. 2031 
died on Nov. 28 and Nos. 2032 and 2034 died on Nov. 29, all dying ap- 
parently from leg weakness. As in other rations in use at this time the 
yeast was increased to 15 per cent on Dec. 4 in order to insure an ade- 
quate supply of vitamin B. This ration did not prove as satisfactory as 


gecesi sets HE Fahy pxtied 


gene eme Sgt ee 
emt leas par coin pam 


Fig. 22.—This group received Ration 229, which was similar to Ration 228 (Fig. 21), except meat 
protein was substituted for the yolk protein. Four of the chicks died before the end of the third week 
with leg weakness, consequently the yeast was increased to 15 per cent on the twenty-fourth day. 
The remainder of the chicks survived until the end of the feeding trial but the rate of growth was sub- 
normal and the feathering poor. The substitution of muscle protein and milk fat for egg yolk protein 


and lipins resulted in nutritional failure. 


any of those containing egg yolk fractions. Only six chicks were alive 
at the end of the seventh week. Growth was subnormal, and the feather- 
ing was unsatisfactory. 

The explanation of the somewhat surprising results obtained with 
the egg yolk fractions must await further work. We have considered 
the possibility that the only factor concerned is palatability, but do 
not consider it probable. It does not seem reasonable that there 


28 Missouri AcrR, Exp. Sta. RESEARCH BULLETIN 81 


should be any marked difference between the palatability of egg yolk 
lipins and milk fat, or between the yolk protein and meat protein. 
Somewhat later, on Nov. 10, our study of the rice fractions was 
continued by placing a group of ten chicks on a diet containing one per 
cent of rice extract. It is to be noted that this was similar to our basal 
ration, but one per cent of starch had been replaced by the rice extract. 
Chick 2059 developed leg weakness on Dec. 28, from which it never re- 
covered, although it lived until the day before the feeding trial termi- 
nated and gained slightly in weight. Since the supply of vitamin B 
seemed insufficient, the yeast was increased to 15 per cent on Dec. 4. 


1206 


: gta te fie fee 


Fig. 23.—This group received Ration 231, which was similar to our basal ration, except one part 
of the starch had been replaced by an equal amount of the acid extract of polished rice. The yeast 
was increased to 15 per cent on Dec. 4. There were two cases of leg weakness among this lot and both 
chicks died before the feeding trial terminated. The rate of growth of the remaining chicks was slow 
at first, but increased rapidly when additional vitamin B was supplied. The feathers were always in 
good condition. Three chicks, Nos. 2051, 2057, and 2060, continued on this diet until Jan. 19 when they 
were transferred to Ration 276. This mixture contained both rice fractions, but we do not regard it 
as superior to No. 231. 


During the first four or five weeks growth was distinctly subnormal, 
and at the end of the seventh week five chicks were removed from the 
experiment. At the time we felt sure that this ration would not induce 
normal growth, and reduced the number in the group in order to lower 
feed costs. The graph however, Fig. 23, shows distinctly that the rate 
of growth was increasing rapidly at this time, and all three of the re- 
maining birds ultimately attained weights normal for their age. At the 


THE ADEQUACY OF SYNTHETIC RaTIONS FoR Growi1NG CurcKs 29 


end of the eleventh week these three specimens were placed on Ration 
276, which contained both of the polished rice fractions. We do not 
believe, however, that the change improved the ration. Our present 
position is that whatever the active material in polished rice may be, 
it is soluble in dilute acetic acid. 

It was evident that Ration 231, containing 1 per cent rice extract, 
was markedly superior to our basal ration for that series, and the growth 
promoting properties of a small amount of this adjuvant had been very 
surprising. To substantiate our results the feeding trial was repeated, 
with a slight change in the ration, beginning Feb. 24, 1925. This lot 
began with Ration 294, but it was necessary to make a few changes in 
the diet during the feeding trial. It is to be noted that this ration was 
very similar to the basal ration for this series (Fig. 9), differing only in 
that one per cent of starch was replaced by the rice extract. Vitamin B 
was supplied daily in tablet form, and each chick received one tablet 
daily for the first eighteen days. At this time the supply of vitamin tab- 
lets had been exhausted and 15 per cent of dried yeast was incorporated 
in the ration, replacing an equal amount of starch. This ration was fed 

’ 


ee ere ale 
sauae JgGneeuue . 


CD 
cP | 
thn 


Fig. 24.—This group received a ration, No. 294, composed of washed casein 20, Crisco 10, cod 
liver oil 5, salts (14 A) 4, rice extract 1, cellulose 3, and starch 57. Vitamin B was supplied in the form 
of Harris-Vitamin tablets. On the twenty-sixth day the diet was changed to Ration 31], in order to 
supply an adequate amount of vitamin B, and to note the effect of a salt mixture containing a silicate 
upon the condition of the feathers. The change of ration consisted in replacing 6 per cent of starch 
with an equal weight of yeast, and replacing the salts with an equal weight of salt mixture 14 B. The 
rate of growth of this lot was slightly subnormal, but considerably better than that of the basal ration 
for this series (Fig. 9). This again indicates that the growth promoting factor or factors carried by 
polished rice can be extracted by dilute acetic acid. 


30 Missouri Acr. Exp. Sta. RESEARCH BULLETIN 81 


until March 24, when the diet was changed to Ration 311, and in addi- 
tion each chick was given 100 mgm. vitamin concentrate daily. Ration 
311 also contained 6 per cent dried yeast, that we might be more com- 
pletely assured of its adequacy in vitamin B. We also considered the 
possibility that the chick may require silica, so we changed from salt 
mixture 14 A to 14 B, which contained 0.5 per cent of that substance. 
Although the rate of growth of this lot was not entirely normal (Fig. 24), 
there were no symptoms of leg weakness. The chicks of this lot were 
feathered normally, which seemed to be characteristic of those receiving 
a rice ration. 


1200 


= DL lore Charaey 


a PA AGe 


Fig. 25.—This group received Ration 291, which was composed of washed casein 16, Crisco 10, 
cod liver oil 5, salts (14 A) 4, rice extract 1, cellulose 3, and washed rice 61. Each chick received one 
vitamin tablet daily as a source of vitamin B. On the twenty-fourth day the diet was changed to Ration 
308, which contained 6 per cent yeast and salt mixture 14 B. In addition each chick received two 
vitamin tablets daily. There were no symptoms of leg weakness among the lot, and the rate of growth 
was practically normal. There is no evidence that the slight alterations in the ration had any effect 
on the rate of growth. The feathers appeared normal, which seems to be characteristic of chicks grown 
on rice rations. In a comparison with Ration 294, it does not appear that this ration was improved to 
any extent by the substitution of washed rice for corn starch. 


To determine the effect of our process of fractionating upon the 
nutritive value of polished rice, a lot of five chicks was placed on Ration 
291 on Feb. 24. This ration was similar to the one just described, but 
contained both rice fractions. Again it was necessary to make changes 
in the ration, until finally they were receiving Ration 308. Each chick 
also received two vitamin tablets daily. There is no evidence that the 
various alterations in the diet affected the rate of growth in any way. 


Tue ADEQUACY OF SYNTHETIC RATIONS FOR GROWING CuIcks 31 


At the end of eight weeks the feeding trial terminated, and all of the 
chicks were in a good state of nutrition at this time. There were no symp- 
toms of leg weakness among the lot, but the rate of growth was not 
quite normal. In all other respects however, the chicks were all that 
could be desired. The history and the rate of growth of this lot is almost 
identical with the lot receiving the rice extract (Fig. 27). The results do 
not indicate that the washed rice incorporated in such a ration was much 
superior, from a nutritional standpoint, to an equal weight of corn 
starch. 

After a former ration, containing 15 per cent of dried ox liver, had 
proven completely successful in every respect (Fig. 13) we incorporated 
the various fractions of this natural food stuff in our diets. On Feb. 24, 
1925, three lots of five chicks each were placed on diets containing these 
fractions. 

One lot received Ration 188, which contained the liver protein. In 
addition each chick received one vitamin tablet daily as the source of 
vitamin B. In order to insure an adequate supply of vitamin 
B the diet was changed to Ration 305 on March 24. The nature 
of the changes is the same as described in a preceding paragraph (Page 
29). There were no cases of leg weakness among this lot and all chicks 
were alive at the end of eight weeks when the experiment terminated. 


in 406 Ae ane 
a ae ae 


AGE? JS0nP’ Ane eee Co) tia | 
A) To wt tH tag 1.aae ; @ ene, wipes 


sense acta. sadl Stee acs MARI natal 

Fig. 26.—This group began with Ration 288, which was composed of liver protein 9.5, washed 
‘casein 10.5, Crisco 10, salts 4, cod liver oil 5, cellulose 3, and starch 58. Vitamin B tablets were supplied 
daily. On the twenty-sixth day, 6 per cent of starch was replaced by an equal weight of dried yeast. 
The rate of growth among this lot was slightly below normal, but it was considerably better than that 
on the basal ration for this series (Fig. 9). It appears that our basal ration was improved materially 
by the substitution of liver protein for an equal weight of casein. 


a2 Missourr Acr. Exp. Sta. RESEARCH BULLETIN 81 


The rate of growth was subnormal (Fig. 26), but considerably better 
than that of the group on the basal ration for this series (Fig. 9). 

The second lot received Ration 289, which contained the ether and 
alcohol extracts obtained in preparing the liver protein, used in Ration 
288. In addition, each chick received one to three tablets of the vitamin 
concentrate daily as the source of vitamin B, until the eighteenth day 
when the supply was exhausted. At this time 15 per cent of the starch 
was replaced by yeast. Leg weakness appeared among this lot on March 
9, and later three chicks died with this disease. On March 24, the diet 
was changed to Ration 306, which contained 6 per cent of yeast, and the 


ee ee ae ea 
BRR eRe 


/200 


| 2) 8 0 
aT SN 
Fe a oe 
eee LAM i | 
Z eee eee aa ad 

i ie ee 


Fig. 27.—This lot was first fed Ration 289, composed of washed casein 20, ether extract of liver 
1.8, alcohol extract of liver 3.7, Crisco 8.2, cod liver oil 5, salts 4, cellulose 3, and starch 54.3. Vitamin 
B tablets in addition were supplied daily. A number of cases of leg weakness appeared among the lot, 
and 6 per cent of the starch was replaced with an equal weight of dried yeast on the twenty-sixth day. 
Three of the chicks did not recover from leg weakness and the rate of growth of the remaining two was. 
very satisfactory, but very similar to those on the basal ration. Evidently the ration was not improved 
by the substitution of the liver extracts. 


salts were replaced by an equal amount of salt mixture No. 14 B. In 
addition each chick received 100 mgm. vitamin concentrate daily. The 
rate of growth of this group was very unsatisfactory and only two chicks 
were alive at the end of the eighth week. These had the ruffled feathers 
which are so characteristic of our synthetic rations. The results (Fig. 27) 
do not indicate that this ration was improved by the substitution of the 
liver extracts. 

The third lot (Fig. 28) received Ration 290, composed of casein 
10.5, liver protein 9.5, liver ether extract 1.8, liver alcohol extract 3.7, 


THE ADEQUACY OF SYNTHETIC RATIONS FOR GROWING CHICKS 33 


Crisco 8.2, cod liver oil 5, cellulose 3, salts (14 A) 4, and starch 54.3. 
Each chick received one tablet daily as the source of vitamin B. It is 
to be noted that this ration contained the various liver fractions in the 
same proportions as they existed in the liver itself, or an amount equal 
to that incorporated in a former ration, No. 230 (Fig. 13). For the reas- 
ons already given various changes were made in the ration, and on March 
24, the diet was changed to Ration 307. This change of ration consisted 
in replacing 6 per cent of starch with an equal amount of yeast, and re- 
placing the salt mixtures by an equal amount of salt mixture No. 14-B. 
All five chicks survived the period of the feeding trial, and two grew at 


© ECGs an emmee ie 
Ee a a |=Flatioh Change 
Reser te 


/200 


Fig. 28.—This group received Ration 290, which contained both of the dried liver fractions used 
in the two prevoius lots. It is to be noted that the amount of the fractions incorporated in the ration 
was equivalent to 15 per cent of the dried unextracted liver. Growth among this lot was fairly satis- 
factory, but not as much so as with a former lot receiving Ration 230, Fig. 13. No cases of leg weak- 
ness were observed among this group, but only two chicks attained a normal rate of growth. The 


results indicate that the nutritional properties of the dried liver has at least been slightly affected by 


the procedure of fractionating. 


practically a normal rate (Fig. 28). There were no symptoms of leg 
weakness, but the general history of this group was less satisfactory than 
that of the lot receiving Ration 230, containing an equivalent amount of 
the dried liver. Evidently the growth promoting factor had been affected 


in the process of extraction. 


34 .... .. Missourr Acr.-Exp. STA. RESEARCH BULLETIN. 81 


DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY 


We have successfully reared a considerable number of chicks on 
synthetic diets, and in most attempts the mortality has been compara- 
tively low. There has been considerable variability among the indivi- 
dual chicks, and not infrequently we have observed unexpected. nutr- 
tional disaster, usually identified as “leg weakness.”’ We have only one 
explanation to offer as to the possible cause of such a nutritional dis- 
turbance, and that is, the diet was deficient in vitamin B. Wehavetreat- 
ed a number of chicks, affected with this disease, with rich sources of 
vitamin B and a cure resulted. However, if the treatment is not begun 
in an early stage of the disease, the chick will either die or lose control 
of its legs permanently, although it may continue to grow and appear 
norma! in other respects. 

The exposure of chicks receiving our synthetic rations to direct 
sunlight (short periods) was of no apparent benefit. 

At first our results indicated that cellulose was superior to agar as 
a source of roughage, but later experiments do not confirm this view, 
and we are of the opinion that the value of agar and cellulose as a source 
of roughage is approximately equal. There is an indication that chicks 
receiving the agar ration require slightly more vitamin B than those re- 
ceiving the cellulose ration. We are at a loss to explain this variation. 

Chicks receiving these synthetic rations developed a ruffled con- 
dition of the feathers which seems to be characteristic for the diet, 
however as the chicks approached maturity the feathers became more 
perfect, and the birds ultimately seemed entirely normal.. 

Meat protein substituted for part of the casein did not improve 


the diet. 


When natural food stuffs such as dried egg yolk, polished rice, and 
dried liver were incorporated in the diet, growth was markedly accele- 
ated and practically the optimum rate was attained. These observations 
were confirmed under slightly different conditions, by other feeding 
trials. Only a few cases of “leg weakness”’ have been observed among 
chicks receiving such rations. Chicks receiving these rations contain- 
ing the natural food stufts developed a good coat of feathers and appeared 
normal in all respects. This is especially true of the lots receiving the 
polished rice. 

As to the successful feeding of egg yolk and dried liver, there is a 
multiplicity of possible explanations as these substances are of a more or 
less complex structure. We are of the opinion, however, that at least 
part of the success can be attributed to the increase in the vitamin B 
content of the diet. The more favorable outcome following the use of 
polished rice is unexpected from any point of view. This substance con- 


THe ADEQUACY OF SYNTHETIC RaTIONS FOR ‘GROWING CHICKS 35 


tains starch, a low percentage of protein, though it is of good biological 
value, an insignificant quantity of mineral elements, and from a quanti- 
tative standpoint practically nothing less. 

In our attempts, by fractionating, to localize the growth promoting 
factor carried. by these natural food stuffs, we have been for the most 
part unsuccessful, but not completely so. The various fractions of egg 
yolk did not make our diets complete when fed separately, however, when 
they were combined in the same ratio, the resulting rate of growth was 
practically the same as when the diet contained the original dried egg 
yolk. This would indicate that the active factor was not affected mater- 
ially by the process of fractionating. 

When the liver extracts were incorporated in our ration, it did not 
appear to be improved in any way. However when the protein fraction 
was included in the ration a marked acceleration of growth resulted, but 
the rate was slightly subnormal. From this, it seems logical to infer that 
at least part of the active factor remains in the protein. When the two 
fractions were combined in the ration in the proper ratio to form 15 
per cent dried liver, the resulting rate of growth was approximately 
normal, but less satisfactory than in the lot receiving the original dried 
liver. It appears that our process of extraction had affected its nutri- 
itional properties. The chicks receiving the diets containing the frac- 
tions of egg yolk and dried liver have shown the typical ruffled condition 
of the feathers. 

Chicks receiving diets containing the extracted polished rice, grew 
at a subnormal rate, but may have had slightly smoother feathers than 
those on the basal ration. However the chicks receiving the diet con- 
taining one per cent of the extracted material grew at approximately a 
normal rate. These chicks were well feathered and appeared normal in 
all respects. This is also true when the ration contained both fractions. 
It seems evident that the growth promoting factor carried by the polish- 
ed rice is removed by extracting with dilute acetic acid. 


We believe that the results obtained throughout this investigation 
have emphasized the importance of an adequate supply of vitamin B in 
the diet. The requirement of chicks for this vitamin is high. However 
our data do not indicate that this is the only factor which has played 
an important part in determining the success or failure of our ration for 
nutritional purposes. It will be recalled that when additional vitamin B 
was offered chicks, receiving the basal diet, the rate of growth was not 
improved. 

It is useless to speculate on the subject, but we are acting on the 
hypothesis that the nutritional requirements of chicks differ ma kedly 
in at least one respect from the known requirements of mammals. 


36 Missourr Aor. Exe. Sta. RESEARCH BULLETIN 81 


Evidence supporting such a supposition is no more than circumstantial 
and we are actingon this theory partly because so far as we are aware there 
is no record of baby chicks attaining a normal growth rate when con- 
suming synthetic diets. In this connection one naturally thinks of pala- 
tability, but from our point of view such an explanation offers a name for 
the difficulty and offers no real explanation. A ration may be unpalatable © 
merely because it 1s at least partially inadequate. To our minds the 
favorable outcome of feeding trials with ground polished rice substituted 
for the corn starch of our synthetic diets supports this view. 


THeE ADEQUACY OF SYNTHETIC RATIONS FOR GROWING CuHIcKs 37 


Fig. 29.—Chick 2001 (from Fig. 6), age 41 days. The ruffled condition of the 
feathers characteristic of chicks receiving synthetic diets, is apparent. 


Fig. 30.—Chick 1907 (from Fig. 1), age, 101 days. This chick received the 
same type of diet as the one in Fig. 29. The increased rate of growth and improve- 
ment in the condition of the feathers, as the chick approaches maturity is evident. 


38 Missourt Acr. Exp. Sta. RESEARCH BULLETIN 81 


Fig. 31.—Chick 3778, not previously described. Age, 203 days. This chick 
received a synthetic diet, and showed the characteristic condition of the feathers 
during growth. At this age, however, the bird appeared normal in every respect. 


Fig. 32.—Chick 1937 (Fig. 11), age 101 days. The ration included polished 
rice. The performance of this group was very satisfactory. With one exception the 
rate of growth was normal, and the feathers were always in a perfect condition. 


Tue ADEQUACY OF SYNTHETIC RATIONS FOR GROWING CHICKS 39 


Fig. 33.—Chick 1952 (from Fig. 12), age 40 days. This chick received a ration 
containing egg yolk. It grew rapidly, but all of the group had a rough coat of feathers. 


Fig. 34.—Chick 1952 (from Fig. 12), age 101 days. This is the same chick as in 
Fig. 33, but at a later date. The condition of the feathers has improved. 


40 Missourr Acr. Exp. STA. RESEARCH BULLETIN 81 


fig. 35.—Chick 2015 (from Fig. 20), age 16 days. This chick has a severe attack 
of leg weakness. We observed similar cases very frequently during this investigation. 


‘ig. 36.—Chick 2015 (from Fig. 20), age 17 days. This is the same chick as 
shown above, one day after it had been treated with yeast emulsion. At this time it 
had apparently recovered. 


THE ADEQUACY OF SYNTHETIC RATIONS FOR GROWING CuIcks 41 


Fig. 37.—Chick 2015 (from Fig. 20), age 101 days. This is another photograph 
of the chick shown in Fig. 36, taken at a later date. At this time the chick appeared 
to be in perfect physical condition. 


Fig. 38.—Chick 1978 (from Fig. 17), age 96 days. A condition of tonic spasticity 
is always characteristic of leg weakness in the cases of polyneuritis we have observed. 
When the symptoms develop suddenly and the feeding of additional yeast or yeast 
extract is begun promptly, recovery is usually complete, or nearly so. If treatment is 
sufficiently delayed however we find that changes in the ration are ineffective so 
far as the paralysis is concerned, though the general well-being may be vastly im- 
proved. 


2 o 
2 

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4 
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he 
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a ‘\* 
7 ae 
«* Bo 
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Tuer ADEQUACY OF SYNTHETIC RATIONS FOR GROWING CuIcks 43 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 


(1) McCollum, E. V. 1922. The Newer Knowledge of Nutrition. Ed.. 
2. Revised, Chicago, MacMillan Co. 
Funk, Casimir. 1922. The Vitamines. Baltimore, Williams and 
Wilkins Co. 
Sherman, H. C., and Smith, S. L. 1922. The Vitamines. New 
York, The Chemical Catalog Co. 
Eddy, Walter H. 1921. The Vitamine Manual. Baltimore, Williams 
and Wilkins Co. 
(2) Osborne, T. B., and Mendel, L. B. 1918. The Growth of Chickens 
in Confinement. Jour. Biol. Chem. XX XIII, 433. 
(eeiiatim me be cialping |. Gand ssteenbock,-H, 1920; "Use of 
Synthetic Diets in the Growth of Baby Chicks. Jour. Biol. Chem., 
XLII 421. | 
(4) Sugiura, K., and Benedict, S. R. 1923. 4 Study of the Adequacy of 
Certain Synthetic Diets for the Nutrition of Pigeons. Jour. Biol. 
Chem. LV, 33. 
(S) Hoet, J. 1924. Note Relative a la Deficience en Vitamines a Chez 
Le Pigeon. Biochem. Jour., XVIII, 412. 

(6) Emmett, A. D., and Peacock, G. 1923. Does the Chick Requtre the 
Fat-Soluble Vitamines? Jour. Biol. Chem., LVI, 679. 
fymeuliattiesl bs Talpine |-\s-dnd oteenvock, H. 1922. The Nuiri- 
tional Requirements of Baby Chicks. Jour. Biol. Chem., LIT, 

S59) 


(8) Hughes, J.-S. 1923. Weekly Kansas City Star; Wed. June 27, p 3. 


(9) Hart, E. B., Steenbock, H., Lepkovsky, S., and Halpin, J. G. 1924. 
The Nutritional Requirements of Baby Chicks. Jour. Biol. 
Chem tev LE es33: 


mOmenart, 1. Be) Steenbock, H:>{Lepkovsky, S.,-and Halpin, J..G. 
1924. The Nutritional Requirements of Baby Chicks. Jour. 
Biol. Chem., LX, 341. 


(11) Mitchell, H. ElPelWendalle ten cand Cardia 1993 he tia- 
min Requirements of Growing Chickens. Poultry Science IV, 
i ig: 
Plimmer, R. H. A., and Rosedale, J. L. 1923. C-Vitamin Require- 
ments of Chickens and other Birds. Biochem. Jour. XVII, 787. 


(12) Buckner, G. D., Wilkins, R. H., and Kastle, J. H. 1918. Normal 
Growth of White Leghorn Chickens. Am. Jour. Physiol., XLVII, 
RURE 


44 Missouri Acr. Exp. Sta. RESEARCH BULLETIN 81 


(13) Plimmer, R. H. A., and Rosedale, J. L. 1922. The Rearing of 
Chickens on the Intensive System. Part 1. The Vitamin Re- 
quirements. Biochem. Jour. XVI, 11. 
1923. Comparative B-Vitamin Requirements of Pigeons, Chickens 
and Other Birds. Biochem. Jour. XVII, 794. 


(14) Palmer, L. S., and Kempster, H. L. 1919. Relation of Plant 
Carotinoids to Growth, Fecundity, and Reproduction of Fowls. 
Jour. Biol. Chem., XXXIX, 299. 


ACKNOWLDGEMENT 


With the completion of this dissertation the author wishes to express 
his indebtedness. and thanks to the various members of the Agricultural 
Chemistry Staff, to the Poultry Department, and especially to Dr. 
A. G. Hogan, under whose direction and guidance this work was com- 
pleted. 


Tue ADEQUACY OF SYNTHETIC RATIONS FOR GROWING Cuicks 45 


APPENDIX 


Composition of Rations 


Pige.seande 


Number_________- AR Gerke ee Logae Pe. ) ee a teh ee A eave ae 241 
Reage iia oe a eaerea ees ete pica to) ZS OM Sk Abe eae a: oe pele thd 2 20.0 
ay hee ee ee OE AVN anes ie, ere ae FAO HEMT er re te ae a A Saree 50.0 
Pees, 2s Rie SE oe Ld re CaO ie tera rene aN ah He dh oe, sb Fy 8.0 
or gicts[ei © On| men | me ORs ae eee a LOS bee che tien eee eee AEs 10.0 
Caniiiiwer Olmak se Oe Ae ae ey Pest oe ee cs ah ae 
Sata Im ree Gee ee ORE gal! ot A Oe ee ee Pe a ee ae oll te 4.0 
Celio cemeeae enela Se ee ee Ce OP CIC aie eed RM ae hag eel A BO 
I1This ration was fed until July 28, 1924. , 
Fig. 3 
Pero eh rat ety ee ee se eb 1 Game ep e Fak Oy Lae hh B san) ee 242 
gti See eee ee ie UE (pee Sie te PEE yt fear av ene 20.0 
BRR ele ene eo a oS ee PQA U bel ONS 5 Lay tek eer Ue a dee een el ey GEC 
egies ph ele ere ary 0 Ge earner oe eae ai LOR ee rr ae are ee ne ete Al 4) 
YI eS BRN ccs ee ey nd et io BAT 0 ever Se at 1 MN ya aD lai gaphaes bia 8) 
Pocetiver (il tees... pant AM tata tues Fy AUS Giese eS eee EA 
SAreeViIxtiree ee ae a ee BEG OU 5 ante | telat ani HEM od BNO ok os A BPR 4.0 
PEE eae UR 28 We Ae oo 8 0D ey A He aie aah ares oe ee 3.0 
2This ration was fed until July 28, 1924. 
Fig. 4 
liderdetely oe, ieee oe ee ee eee Oe ee 7 Sh Ee kee Maen C2 SNe RRs ee aie! 259 
Le Oe, et Se ee PIUPLUE cd, Soke eee ees PILE toe hae ee eee See 16.0 
rare ee ee ee ne eee et Shy Laem peeatoretes TOe ne PG aie ai ag Mg 9 A 0.0 
Polignedunices. so) o uel ee, MEL AE Ns See eet Teett sO ota en $220 
Si jee ey eC Seer eo ie) BEE ae oe eee LU Of eee Me NR 5 Ss 10.0 
Gry crete Ait (a) Ee aS eer ee eT 10) Ocha See eke eas 1 Cee ee Be Lae 10.0 
GocelivernOilss oo. beh eg Seats vere arn) Pa OS Oia eames capri ek lays y vo 5.0 
SA POE CUE sical oe ioe AS (rime beetles. = AVS Seat ti Cet AO oe 4.0 
Re OSC ete se ays ot ty | Wy oes Shi ek a Se oS cy Ouse Oe Ai he gm 320 
1This ration was fed until October 1, 1924. 
2This ration was fed until December 10, 1924. 
Fig. 5 
PITS meres gh a eel 24 eee, eee Ce 2A VSM Reet eR BE 257 
asic 2a eee 1550 ieee ee | fs Omens bed a) ovis 0.0 
Ment Proteinne 2.0. oe oe ek Ss ae age eo! ON (cree ett (eae Re 20.0 
Sy eh be ke aa el AQ LS cies See eee ee fA Ca a lee ys RR Chat 8 48 .0 
Vents 12) SLC te ae Hk 0 Sin eee Clas aR Pe aed 10 0 ee eee 10.0 
Dive Eh yels) >. habe See gt ee Ae ee LOS OE err a es res LO) 30) Seats Sees op BG 10.0 
Wada treo. 2. @2.. ek itd hep ES ee a ged AEE ous Se tag pAb weeeeree 5.0 
SAIL tCeee es sek Be QO ee eh o AS Mab dpe Serene, See ae 4.0 
Calliigseane eee 2 oo SSO ren a Oe ee SLU MEN EN Sih are Bye 3.0 


1This ration was fed until October 1, 1924. 
2This ration was fed until December 10, 1924. 


*These numbers refer to the charts in the text, that indicate the growth rate of ‘chicks on the ration 
described. Pees s enacts 


46 Missourr Aor. Exp. Sta. RESEARCH BULLETIN 81 


Fig. 6 
Nombere i. oc a oat ON ce oe eee EO Pe te, Ve Ee a ee 249 
Washed Casein s2.00. 20 eee eee oy! 5 | Cee aye msde + NON cea Rt OS (ee 20.0 
Starch lao ee ey 2 ene 6 PY Ue ee etek Viera oe CWS G 48.0 
Y asthe e Rae ee eee eee LOO eee eS ee ne 15.0 
Criscoy, OS Ale ha. Ae ee TO. ok ee en 10.0 
eal t- Mintires uh od eee se eee ee hy OV a crew of w sales Us, ergot lies od 4.0 
Cope aie Oe Oe eae ee ee Ons es ee eee ee 3.0 


Unsaponified residue equivalent to 5% Cod Liver Oil. 


1'This ration was fed until December 4, 1924. 


Fig. 7 
INUDIDET. fee wee et ieee toa el eed ae Peo eS Gee ag SEW eee ee 254 
Washed ‘Gasem cos ug beer a eee MG aid Oe ei ait) en ee 20.0 
Reig rea a et i) hes ed PR ane ee GS. Deas 5 oie eh ee Pe 48.0 
bgt PUR Santee Inet WP MRE ee es) | {2 As Mee peacoat e Rib rns A EE PALS Of 15.0 
COBO. Seta MSs elie Pies eee ee ee HD, Och ce Ue ee ee ee ee 10.0 
ae Mire firtes ho ae eh Bee Ee B02 5 oT a Ue See 4.0 
tp 1 gine Mere CSereleiaits Wnty ina em ey Uae Xt AN ced ed ae ACE = seta 
Unsaponified residue equivalent to 5% Cod Liver Oil. 
This ration was fed until December 4, 1924. 
Fig. 8 

Nim bere.) iors ee ety ee ee > J RE ERE NG eS) AL)? 309 
Wrawherk Cera oo ee NE os ee DO Ora oe 9 shes SUE Re eee ee 20.0 
CPE te i IN a lle 5 ee eo nk 10.0 
Oa Laven Onl 2 ee ee Bs GR ar eee ee es §.0 
Salt Mixture. _____ SUA Ae PP) Sone ae we (14. Bu vg eae 4.0 
Pees aie 2 it, ek Bie Mt A mee peo aS ENS Fe 3.0 
POUR Nee iin gis sas ae ee re tly i one ae SB OT as os Le sola rk lathe anette eee 52.0 
Vitamin ‘Tablets daily: ......2.2.25222 WeRs a bdo eee eae 2 

Vitabbols te Sei ele Bene Ue cena hae i) Sn nn rier | ae 6.0 


'This ration was fed until March 16, 1925. At that time the supply of tablets was exhausted and 
15 per cent of yeast was incorporated in the ration as the source of vitamin B. On March 24, the diet 
was changed to Ration 309. 


Fig. 9 

Divatis berets) a a ee Ae ee ey DORE tp hops td ee Se Cee 310 
Weshed. Casdinsco ae Cee ROSEY pee eters Su Sly NS a ee 20.0 
CEE Oe Sia, i Sie Ae Oe a EO Ce eee Bie a ee 10.0 
Coed, Fiver: Cou 2 ke oie eo een 5 Oe eee ah. re eee 5.0 
saele Mixture. 2a (it Big oe ees #0 Cia Bee 2 oe ee 4.0 
CelNHOSE Ee Giotule. Geta t euler 3 Ob ene ool Ge er 3.0 
iavnas a UN! 27 ek oes | a MRE A lage Wii Ry 52.0 
Vitamin Tablets daily___.___________- | Es SUS a ee aA, Ee ps a 2 

Y Cas tag as eer eee AS Ane ee Oe Ge Cee ag es. teh ee 6.0 


1This ration was fed until March 24. On March 16, the supply of tablets was exhausted and 15 
| per cent of yeast was incorporated jn the ration as the source of vitamin B. On March 24, the diet was 
changed to Ration 310, id 


Tue ApEquacy OF SyntTHeTic Rations ror GrowinGe Cuicks 47 


Fig. 10 
Re Nae EO ae a oe eld ed DOSER es Whe te eek oe ele en ees 8 244 
ST pe Ye ot et Oa) 8 ds 6 ee Dae i ee Ve Pl ee RL Ae ere an test 16.8 
os gaat CSS Ee ath Sanaa ten eare of epee ae Poe Ta aie (EO BRN ay eee 50.0 
he et eR, SRS Pe eee eee A PE Se Pay RR, WG Ae 9 Se 8.0 
CUS A gg BA eh ied to eet S's a Be pre aD Se WEAR Ce Peet Ne aed pp 
CE IVITR COTE wc ul ee Neo ie hs LA EIA ROT UALR it PT Bgl Me ae 4.0 
AA EIN er te Cg AD RRO ne ee RD Tee Me red, Wye hres ee, Me a obs ig na pe 3.0 
eel tae Dh bert oe @ 1 bo, ee MO Ag RS ee ee | A LESS Se ey ee ae eee 5.0 
DipiereHoeay le ds ere ee DOS we a rein. leben Ato 10.0 
!1This ration was fed until July 28, 1924. 
Hig. 11 
PRET OR ee ut Bot Ce Be et Cf EES ER Se ney LE REE GO, ere ee NO 240 
OnE La te UP PSS gan ERE St PURE a a Itt Ao PIG Sie Pe a, ae ARTE Si ai aA oo Pe 16.0 
LTS Or OID ee Cae Ag i oA i oS ANTS SN Mae REECE AG PEMLE htt 54.0 
TAR Ce erie th ik ee re ate) ste ee POMC) Senge dta cane lat eles 5 Mat ete eet 10.0 
ss CTE ae a I aa ta mee a NES ae BNE SRO ATE RE SOM RRS em DAD 8.0 
Crpe Lanter Oi i Sua oe a kl SEA DR ER AG sia, ian: (Aras leeey ha ew ar ade aa era 5.0 
Saerruvlaxeates Je Wels eon leh ee ONE a RL MOT a Ny eh Pr Grae Ly Turkey @ 4.0 
POPLSe eters et Sts per we ean ee a7, Ad a | AR Sa RO Sta Obes bee ae ele’ Blaha dt 3.0 
1This ration was fed until July 28, 1924. 
Fig. 12 
PCT le Be eee eal teak to he BN Ree ein eee ae y HEI 
PERETTI ian eles Ae Ae By eee tbat dey 1 CP a 1 Shy» ROSE sae RR Sa ok ape 20.0 
SECs fa ek to LY en SAN ATCO aS I aa Ee URIS, Tee Ng a 48 .0 
URGE he we el No oe oe eel lin deb 10 ER Iie. < oe MN ha vidas 10.0 
Geretcoudel ble gE Ss Ste eG chp Ee | 280? Pea ee he Da he, BRINE SNE et 10.0 
Bera diver Cit cect eee bY Wi Pg oh ee ieee Danie UA EER Lape Gh na i ait “4 5.0 
mate WVLIXTUTe. Go. oh. eee so AZ: Ne § EA Ayes Meese Ta ee A 4.0 
ETS EF] ET ee Re As Bee SIRS 2 ood ROSS is RT Re 5. BPS 6 GINS AE ag ARS 3.0 
riper jOlKr re ue a PCO eee ea a BO AD Oe el eee tale 0.0 
1This ration was fed until October 1, 1924. 
2This ration was fed until December 1, 1924. 
Hig. 13 
ee rte ead eee le te ON Se UL a Ge ek a Meee 230 
eer ie ee nee sc a er Le eg 15.0 
ete teenie oe ees rk kOe ee eee kee us ee 6.0 
Oar ce a eee ce a i he oe i ON ek ek de ae mete 47.0 
ners eee aR ee er ea age Se ete lo ee 8 og Goes eet 10.0 
on FS a ee Re ee ae eee lee yh oe 8 da oes 4g aha: 10.0 
ay rd OA ae MME) a Des Wl abe) I) Stags Lb ie Ces ik oe, 4.0 
ere Pe Str me eRe ore Ci Cah 1 rere atte airy say SN ay Kon ve yea es torpor nce 5.0 
SURO PA CES Ae aS Oa em nee erage: eee eee gE CEIa EPC (UPR ee MICRO een 3.0 


48 _. Missourr Acer. Exp, Sta. RESEARCH BULLETIN 81 


Fig. 14 
Ninn beri Ba ee een A ee eee 196 ee eee Pe Pe |e, 245 
Casein, tue cee ec ee ee eee eee LGLGSo. 228 ce eee eee eee 16.8 
Staren sy Oh eos eee eae eee S22 ee ah) ie ae eee 50.0 
Weasti oc es ae ee ee ee 620. ies oe eb ele ey ee 8.0 
CristOeck 622 ee ee eee 10; Oy eS po i i NS ee eee 10.0 
paleiMixtures S232 Js ot eee eee AO Ely Ss Bee eee 4.0 
Comiiver Oily yao ae oe ee ee ee 54.08 2256 a oe ee Oe ee 5.0 
Gelluloseloon nie ie oe ee ee eee S10 bene oases ee a 
Lok Proteing. 0-0. oo eee eee i is RO OPES re PM eed 32 
iThis ration was fed until July 28, 1924. 
Fig. 15 
Niarim beret 2. rs ee LOTR o Oise ee Oe ee 246 
@asein: aby Pe ee ee ee ee 2030 3 cpee eo ib Bes Se ees eee 20.0 
Starchisus chee eee ee eee ee ee 528 Oa ea kt See ain, cee ae 50.0 
Yeast. 2 soi eee a yi if a Le ae G20) oepe bs sid, e oe aa  e 8.0 
Grist is. cs hs SE ee ee BD hs ne ae tt, Set Se re ae 
SaltiMixturetwewe ss were ee ee ee or ee BQ erik Pee es a be 4.0 
Celluloses 22) soe < tse Puen ee Cie (RED eee eeu Ree ET ie ee 5 a2 
Codeliiver Oilsa5-se ee ee oh ee ne eer Ura eS 5.0 
Yolk Bipings-f)00 756 Sse see G8. one Dee as de et ee 6.8 
1This ration was fed until July 28, 1924. 
Fig. 16 
IN Um Deraiss Ooo eee eae 245 he See ee ae oe 218? 2 ee ee php’ 
Caper hy aie is eee ee le 16. 83 ee ee 163720. 2.5233) eee 16.8 
Starch soe rinks 9} SOs eee ee 50°02 alee ees AS. Oo one ie 6 eee 48.0 
ORS Cet ee te wih eae a et aga Si 32 nee, Weeaeesogors 10:02 ee Fae 10.0 
GESCO Mie (Phas Sky coe te Dee LU URN. et oe LOE0S es see nie a5) 
Coduaver Wieo seed te ene SQ pies oie re a ee 55 Oe Aa ae SG 
SaleMixtuire se yo 5 ee ee A: Opis Use aie twee 4.0323 eee 4.0 
Cellier S05 vite as oe ee ee ee BO S20) en ee a 3:0 sco2 126 ur ee 3.0 
Voki Protein ts - 4 i et Ager Od A Ae vi 3y 2) a eee Rey 
LaveriLipins sss 22 aie eee LO 6 Pei rte: Sc ae O20 nae sda ee 6.8 
1This ration was fed until October 1, 1924. 
2This ration was fed until December 10, 1924. 
Fig. 17 
Num berie: 2222 ee eee 2AG\ 2. 2 Bee 21926 res) cog} hee 256 
Casein ete et. a oe ee 20 (50 er oe DOTS tora, = 20 ee ee 16.8 
StNP Cir ce ee a ee SOU ae aa eee aoe Ol wel 52s ee ee 48.0 
Ved sti cicada 2 ie EE oe SO Sele eee 1 Oe ot a 10.0 
Sale Mixtures aa ee ee Ahr (A Ee ee ee ri | ee ee Pk 4.0 
Grisco sete Ce aan ee) eee G2 ee ee eee Salts St ieee sae 
@ellnloses Vee et eee ee ee 4 Ge A Boe OB rad be PY I 3 Oe le aes 
God (iiverOil eect. si ee 5 Ob a sl eee SO eo es eee 5.0 
Volk Fipinssi seer ee oe ee O38 ae ae eae aes ae 6, Bale at) ae 6.8 
Laver Proteins 22 eee Ov08 228 See e O° Obs See eee a 


’ °1This ration was fed until Oct. 1, 1924. 
. *This ration was fed until December 10, 1924. 


THe ADEQUACY OF SYNTHETIC RATIONS FOR GROWING CHICKS 49 


Fig. 18 
Number-_ --__.- et ee Uae age a tea late MARRS UD ee ee Baars Rie 223 
2S a 2 SSI L6G. Beye Bee ee NAb deg 1 TR te Ot Ae By 20.0 
ys vial b>, a elie 0 ape eee BO) Mane ree ck oe a ASO) Meee acini, tee 48 .0 
Yo) BLES 160 ee ee i eee AA pd SAEs A ge Gd POCO Pa waAnen o's 10.0 
Og ale a eee ae Ee eae B 2a ee wate SRN BAY Pe ke ee 10.0 
be IMIXtlire. 5 he eee 4 UE ee oe ot ue AO) Wks soul bg Avera 4.0 
Mou ciiVer i) ee ee eet cH WUE Vol. aie ge Nee Ld ak Oeektee em ree 5.0 
REPU OSGe 2s re oe Se a ee, So IAN es Ue ae ee See et kd eee ed S20 
MorkeProteins). 25. Bote Spee OMe Eel SER sake 3 eee ee alee 0.0 
Malis titisieus see eete sei te Gees ae el ee Gio nN ie: fet oa av ea A 0.0 
1This ration was fed until October 1, 1924. 
2This ration was fed until Dec. 10, 1924. 
i Fig. 19 
IN rere ee eee Se ee a OS, 2S Ee hae yee te OP kc PU P= soa fe Me Nh eae 258 
eS ts leg ee ee ee 16: eee ee ae yh Te a ae 16.0 
Polished Rice (Extracted)____-__- DO Seen eee Soe CAM Ue © Ct aS Man 51.0 
filers terme ta eee ee Pe Oo LLG AS ne ee eae EOS Oats ieee bate. 1/8 10.0 
riscG ee ae as ee Be Pe ee TO OS ets omy er Wh eeanaes LOL OSE ee Sie os 10.0 
SALEM LIx CULe Ses oe ee oe AO) psp es ees ee, he Lt ee A any A 4.0 
WOceLi Vets Oile e ee e Se oe ey Us Cede am FG? ba Ae Sheen ee crs Ca ee 5y..0 
Werlulgsee es oe inten. Oe Dey! a0) bo eS) ee 2 ee Berg cee AOR WE 3.0 
Riccelixtracte ss bo. od Set oee C02 eevee Se ee CV tear ie tee eB? Me 1.0 
1This ration was fed until October 1, 1924. 
2This ration was fed until December 10, 1924. 
Fig 20 
UES et eee ere a annie a ls Ae Ce ee ee, eT ee ee ete 250 
NVASIIeClEC aS ao ee ee ee es be ods leecgilg Wye Se. ee ol a ge a PE 16.8 
ha Ud ed § ge om 5 ly Me ae a MR A Int ee tA) ee ren 2 eae Po tae tn TZ 43.0 
PETS COMETS) uen niet bo cee SS ee Le a Ee a Ue Ba ATA ce! PC ete Ne Ker 
Nees tere eee Oe tN so ar 1 (ona) Weer Wee ee ee ON Ree 3 eS ss. 15.0 
rE VELS CUTE ese ele ey oe h ey sob. ces oA Eke once 1 aN Ss Oe 4.0 
ReclLoce seek oe 0S bee OR SISO), 2S ON OR AO le Cork mS ar 9 eee 3:0 
RVIPAIBE TOtEIN “ote lee <i. ite be bane te RRP Oe 9 ET Ge nn Ae eo Soo 
Wormer Gili abso weber: ote gk ee oh, (Jue eerie mae eee ee ek oa Mau! oo = Se) 
rt LS ore og le wh te seers St DAOC Ss eR RD er a 6.8 
1This ration was fed until December 4, 1924. 
Fig. 21 
MO TAT he eel 8 Oe i EE Se DONS. BEN! SEAN, 2x Oat RN RE Ok Oe 251 
Wirtehevisl abeinat ame ho ee el Lf aSihde ah ht oA BENT Dee SC aL set oe EEE ee 16.8 
SAR Cli eee, bs ha ee ot Paik) eM Rwy Seinen ee Se Fie) Bee 2) Seas bl chy 43.0 
VER BAe De Oe eee Gear a | ee ae BU Cire genie es Sy a Sekula SN Loe 
rTeCO Re eee es Ree ee A he Seed Oe bed, SORE DS nn ee eae CeO on 
SalteViixtire meee wes hee ee ee fai (Deane eS AR ls Boe We NL aa 4.0 
cellulase seme ce eee ee ahs OW Sate ees eo Ee etre il Oe as 3.0 
Bod Liver Oiinbar oo tee ee. ns Oe CAL USA EN Eo Cle ae ee ee ee ae RL Te aeU 
Bitters Kato etreetee Woe eee Bh os fs! Cec oie net nmin Ny 9 ty hy alot i 6.8 
Noble: Protera tae meses os oe ay eb 6 BAS LAr a Oe eR aS Te or ee ee ee) 


WThis ration was fed until December 4, 1924. 


50 Missourr Acr. Exp. STA. RESEARCH BULLETIN 81 


Fig. 22 
Nii ber (ody oe Ss ee PPL NS ARE ENE 8 a Qa i Pe ES 252 
Washed: Casein 252 4 Soe MGs Be a 2 igre te 16.8 
SPARE Ly steno eae ees We eS AS Ms ine AS) 360g, eee Reine Uae Si ar 43.0 
WOAST ek cy ihr hn) es a te 7 te BORO ss 2 oh a Ce eae ee em MR Siar 15.0 
CONG EO a Sars ik eee a cet ee oe ie ee OF PD ius dra cha tag aaa Ce 3.2 
Sale| Miwtuben Solace uw dase ees AD ciate Jel Sone eee 4.0 
GCellolasege Lo eee ds ee pea ee PDs Bh ce bes rd oo ee 3.0 
God Liner. Od: ed Ge ool ees Dead: iL Se a ae oe 5.0 
Butter Pat. ba otis A se ee £5 6B ee Ba ll hee ste 6.8 
MedtriProteims 2: cue soe eee 0) he nea IR Ue Soe tS {| ore 


Fig. 23 
Num bere meiosis oh eral 75 PE Nee Te AN Fae as ea 25.3 eee ee 276 
Washed’ Gabein sy. cu kd Jel es POR ORO AR AG! De 20,0 20302 ee ee 16.0 
Sear ec Ott Ie ei ere ee ae a PP Oss Bote eae Sos ag, AD cs able Lee 0.0 
Extracted: Riceau Sade a ae UT Wont gai ct Ber ss aly 0 Os ee ae 51.0 
Wiedst Sh Ge Bs ee ee ee LOS Gite See a oats tie Wan, 15.0.0 ie ee 10.0 
risa eh Le aaa ee ee ee LO Oa aah aan cathe 10, 03300 23 ee 10.0 
Sele Mixture oie mile Tee ae A en eee ae ae 42a DCT eee re Oe 
GCadilaver- Olle eee eee RROD Chevy. UA AUIS hg | Weert, ! 5.0 
elbiince ts \ ah re a ee ee ORE or eee Beech al 320 Set ae. rr 3.0 
Rick Estraetu ta eae oes, PPE He Od PE Sony go os hy, Te OS 1 eek tee 1.0 
1This ration was fed until December 4, 1924. 
This ration was fed until January 19, 1925. 
Fig. 24 

Numbetise teen oe 2 ee ee oe DORE ty oe A ie ee eee 311 
Washed) Gaserias h/t bo in ae a 4 A a 0 RU CN IRON SR SUMNER MOLE a ell S10 ys 20.0 
Oris Gti tte Le ee a ee eee BAT. Wheto, 2) See ee ee 10.0 
COUN IVER tise. algal Gi oe eee ae SG rood) ESR AAUE  ee e 5.0 
Sole wisrture so Claes ee ee rN baad GE OS bhi het Ct ne RL ey 8 4.0 
UTITSL A ee ee a OOS Ta ee ee oe 3.0 
Race Ser acts ee ee ee Re | PRL ME Makerere BT Tk 1.0 
Eel | Re ase CPT seater AB Li Mabe. 2 Fhe Oia ky es aes ee a 51.0 
Vetanin?l ablers ail vies oe ae Me, he te ie es ee, ene 2 

Pas tel ee ee eed ae ee ca O. Ot Ae wer) 6.0 


1This ration was fed until March 16, 1925. At that time the supply of tablets was exhausted and 
15 per cent of yeast was incorporated in the ration as the source of vitamin B. On March 24, the diet 
was changed to Ration 311. 


bigs 22 

Numberau aces oi lieo e ey ee ee OGLE SS aid Se ee ae eee oe 308 
Washed: Casein 320) 2b eee ee ie OS a Se ea re 16.0 
Gristor sire Gt hee sae £0 bo: me eee fel ebs rote tin anaes 10.0 
God Aver Olle otic. Ue ar ae ee ieee SiO et ool ee eee a ee ee 5.0 
Saledvisture Moy i 4A Se aa ee AS A bd RO oe OU ok ee 4.0 
Call asec. ye io oe tio oe ae re Bb eae Se alates, Cit aces iP 3.0 
Hide: Eixttact. ce aire ch rg OU gr et ake ee Oe 1.0 
Washed Rice 3055 eo ee OM id) a ee ue |e 55.0 
Witarnito: Lablets Daily l 2. fo. ee Bg hse Ble a Ey 2k 2 

Veas ta 1 eee ea) es Aes eee, OY bee wus eee ea eae 6.0 


1This ration was fed until March 16, 1925. At that time the supply of tablets was exhausted and 
15 per cent of yeast was incorporated in the ration as the source of vitamin B. On March 24 the diet 
was changed to Ration 308. 


THe ADEQUACY OF SYNTHETIC RATIONS FOR GROWING CHICKS 51 


Fig. 26 

Lyn 2 | dg REE Fogle a PA ttt al) LN ae ie 2 eee teed WP erOs 
levoeeereotein O00 See ee th 2 £7 os od Uae Pian geds in Pe One TRS. eal 9.5 
Bumemiveri: (aSeii yr tlie hae ee ey se ROA Oe Le em lean Rete e Weil dna Sie 10.5 
ES a a SE AS, © ETS TA A a KS WH Phe EU Belblhy SR ey Ean Se Meee, Sr. A 10.0 
Barecviie tures a0 SAN Reh cS Ain sa eigele ew taln Lee QE Reem bond. 0 
BOE Liver. Ci Ue aw ree ee hn OU AE 1 Wee as a er eae ate Ja 5.0 
eluiigged. eS eae oe een O00! ith OE SOR Be Mole Larabee) SPAN NOne tue EP 320 
Pe: hel y eteghiaw de: Beet J) os BCP at a Ba ae Bhp aera ek tet eke eS oad negli. oe Miley be toe 52.0 
Vitamilielabintss ail vise gence ee ee Wg G8" De Aa ny VAAL, Bode Dea eae UB 2 

Doe Kg eth tha CRS 5 WY Ig! on Madan COR) itt een i Ie ne ape A 6.0 


1This ration was fed until March 16, 1925. At that time the supply of tablets was exhausted and 
15 per cent of yaest was incorporated in the ration as the source of vitamin B. On March 24, the diet 
was changed to Ration 305. 


[Dn, 
Fig. 27 “Dy 

DEER DET) © ope aris matt Merits htt ooo pcb Aaa pall 20 + cl | Tim SHU 
Wathen Casein clot ee ee ye 20 WIN: Ue non ho] Peak Pa 20.0 
River Ether Extract) oi) oh ala EIS LST yO ae 4 SR ocala a A 
iver Alcohor Fxprack os oe ee ol OM EN Rt Oe # Feely PORE RRM RS EES 16 
eye SEN STs PAL ate Palen ae Oar eed i ed FA PSN Lat 8.2 
Coed Liver: Clibe cach ot bie, Meee cs hid hs eS Nee ADM rye Rts yt Ee a hat tee WS We 5.0 
Sate Miretures 2. tT4 Aygo 7g es ee coat ae Ce go? ae ea er a see 4.0 
© el eee eos a een Le ee ea Od le WOO? 2 pare ae Fae Ee eR 3.0 
eT a OV Oy Ag alae Ai ad Re Seton on ce [ts (eB SMD aR Wore BSL Se ie et Oy ae) Perec 48.3 
Vitamin’ Fablets Day 220 ae oe (Oe Sal Mak EU Pm LUN Re rapier Sak e8 GLa nue hg + 

Wg) Tel ER eee See ERE Oe Pe ete a VRE PL A Sey stelen Salhi. Eety hel eA Ge 6.0 


IThis ration was fed until March 16, 1925. At that time the supply of tablets was exhausted and 
15 per cent of yeast was incorporated in the ration as the source of vitamin B. On March 24, the diet 
was changed to Ration 305. 


Fig. 28 

1th Ang W awh up aney GAs ras MAR tO REL teed OEE ADE Up OUTING Re eNOS. Me eRe ep ee ae 307 
WiechieriCasAine teen. bt wernt uo, EGP hE A ea eae URS re omer eh 10.0 
ieee FOteife oe ale hue ere ee eS ys! CePA) SUR ONE a flew k wilkge MU ee Epa he ago 9.5 
Divemt ther Bxtractine. oe RPS Re CU ioe pe eevee es etal Erba as Lue 
fiver Alcohol: Exwacts os ks. SL TEs heat er ane STE, Wek R Mhman ote Git ke! a ae 
eer ee er eh oe Se be AO * DORIA tebe EN al an ie Oat het) Bed 
SereLivercC)i bites yee Oe ee Oy De (Vue: 2 ail PENRO Ta pals gh MOM eye AL 5.0 
COSTED | Caroma TE Se rE KAA NOOR UE TRAC Ny ak AMELIE: | mms PINE a0) 
aLEMLixture.ele (L40A sete a AR Ove ee sate UE SUS BPR OP Ais, free Set thet 4.0 
eae e ee ie se Oe re ef PS Tar Nt FeO at TR a we ee ee tear ey ice Oe Be 48.3 
Mitamitelablets;Daily coe. ot voc b oe aie Lax ee lero aed aL ee ah ak Be 2 

erat ee ewe de yh eh OTE TUE RO at 9, ho Mee Oe eR By re RRR 6.0 


1This ration was fed until March 16, 1925. At that time the supply of tablets was exhausted and 
15 per cent of yeast was incorporated in the ration as the source of vitamin B. On March 24, the diet 
was changed to Ration 307. 


3 0112 072918938 


52 Missourrt Acr. Exp. Sta. RESEARCH BULLETIN 81 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


The author of this dissertation was born at Fulton, Callaway 
County, Missouri, on August 15, 1899. After completing the course of 
study in the graded school, he began his preparatory work at West- 
minster Academy, Fulton, Missouri. In 1917, he was awarded the D. A. 
R. scholarship to Westminster College, which he held until he graduated 
in June, 1921. The following summer he went to North Dakota Agri- 
cultural College, as Assistant Chemists While at this institution, he 
began his graduate study, and received the degree of Master of Scienee 
in June 1923. The following fall he was awarded the Quaker Oat fellow- 
ship in Physiological Chemistry and Nutrition, at Iowa State College. 
He held this position until June 1924, when he resigned and came to the 
University of Missouri to complete the requirements for the degree of 
Doctor of Philosophy. 


